Curriculum Implementation Plan

This curriculum plan is meant to provide meaningful learning experiences to K-5 students of Bronx Studio School. As a matter of fact, it is based on the state of New York educational standards, but most importantly it is tailored to the unique academic needs of the school community who apparently happen to be in a high-needs situation. The young students, K-5 have been observed to be experiencing great challenges in coping with learning demands in their respect grades. Basically, Bronx Studio School is currently considered a high-need school, a title it earned starting from a few years ago.The root cause of this curriculum mess has been the prevailing culture of aloofness among the school’s key stakeholders that ostensibly has gradually grown over the recent years. Precisely, the school management whose one of the key responsibilities is to ensure that all the key stakeholders are actively engaged in all the school matters has terribly been failing in this key area over the ye ars. As a result there has been an evidential rift between the members of the teaching staff and the parents’ body for a period not less than two years in a row.As a matter of fact, the school leadership under the former principal was somehow lax in getting the parents informed in good time about the school plans and programs and hence it became a problem in getting them to support such programs whether financially or morally. For that reason, a lax culture was built among the parents fraternity. Again, the relationship between the entire teaching staff and the school principal was also on a frosty situation, the principal seemed aloof with their concerns making them feel as if they were on two parallel programs.Furthermore, this lack of concern on the welfare and competencies of the teaching staff culminated into a state of professional limbo where teachers stopped attending in-service as well as refresher courses as recommended by the state board of education (Wagner and Ke egan, 2005). Ultimately, it was very hard to address the real issues pertaining to the smooth discharge of meaningful instructions experiences to the young and needy students.Overall, the implementation of the curriculum became a problem as most of the times the students inherent needs and interest were barely addressed making them to grow apprehensive and frustrated by this apparent aloofness. In fact, it was by sheer luck that the school managed to survive the set state educational standards though it terribly failed to meet them on a number of occasions prompting the education board to put it on a high-needs alert in bid to get the mess sorted (Wiggins and McTighe, 2005).Even so, at the moment the major stakeholders seem to have realized their shortcomings and have now expressed their concern to working together as a team at least to turnaround this looming academic quagmire. The parents for instance are willing to work with the new school principal and the newly elected school c ommittee to identify the root causes of the whole mess so that it can be fixed permanently. Apparently one key issue that has been identified as being in a state of despair is the school curriculum.Key players’ have indicated changing the existing curriculum would help address mess while not seeming to directly to lay the blame on any member of the school community on what they did or even failed to do in the past. As such, the core props for this new curriculum plan will be made of the strong desire discard the old and seemingly retrogressive school culture and in its place put other strong ones built around purposive and integrative efforts from all the stakeholders (Wiggins and McTighe, 31). Nature of the CurriculumThis curriculum acknowledges the uniqueness inherent in every student and it encompasses all the evidential and unique experiences practiced in other better performing elementary schools within the district. For instance the curriculum recognizes that young and growing children are normally inquisitive, quiet, confident, self-determined, weak, easily distracted, etc. (Wiggins and McTighe, 2007). As such, it endeavors to address this sensitive aspect of the learners by putting in place staggered instructional experiences that suit every age group and every grade.Tasks are drawn clearly to ensure that the teachers do not deviate from its general and basic idea while addressing all the unique aspects, the weak dropped and the strong ones encouraged. In a nutshell, this new curriculum emphasizes on the holistic development of the unique but worthwhile characters of the learners to ensure that they grow and develop in a supportive, healthy, and safe environment (Follari, 2010). Furthermore, the curriculum recognizes that for children to succeed in school they must be exposed to a wide range of meaningful learning experiences.In respect to this it seeks to create all-round environments that allows for the development of physical, emotional, soci al, spiritual as well as cognitive structures of the growing learners. In a nutshell, the curriculum aims at developing all the aspects of the students’ bodies and brains, taking great care to also nurture their delicate souls that are very crucial in determining their future perception of the whole learning process. Conclusively, the curriculum will successfully improve the overall students’ performance and lift the school from a high-needs category to a performing one.After all, it seeks to gradually engage the students in critical content areas as well as in key language areas. Moreover, it will endeavor to create purposive learning and development activities capable of utilizing and nurturing the rapidly growing students unique and varied capacities. As such, learning will be aligned to such variances and through the utilization of learning areas and other teaching and learning aids (Oldfield, 2001; Pugh and Duffy, 2020).Students especially those with learning diff iculties will benefit much from this curriculum given that it is founded on the basis of the staggered child development stages. As a matter of fact, one of its key facets is that it acknowledges that students tend to behave different differently in different stages of their growth and development, as such teaching and learning should be aligned to suit those behavioral and developmental needs (Follari, 2010). To achieve this, it will partake of holistic and regular appraisal by the teachers and parents alike on the young learners.This will be done for individual learners, in groups and also in the presence of role models such as teachers and parents so as to determine their inherent needs and achievements as individuals and as members of social groups. Moreover, the curriculum also advocates for kind of learning where the learners respect one another as unique beings, with the respect extended to teachers, parents, as well as other members of the school curriculum. Such respect whe n reciprocated will go a long way in achieving success at school as the community level (Oldfield, 2001).That the curriculum will involve high degrees of involvement makes the achievement of such respect an easy endeavor. It wild involve a key figure such as a teacher, or even parents to ensure control as well as to offer support to the learners. To this end the curriculum plans to use parents as they are the most recommended as the have been noted to command huge respect from their own children. He offers that in bid to enhance respect the teacher should be guided by the learners and should not force adult values on the young learners (Renchler, 3-4).This curriculum is guided by the humble notion that learners have got different talents and that every learner needs to be treated in their own unique way so as to nurture and develop these inherent and unique talents. Briefly stated, the core pillars of this curriculum are; to assist the growing students to achieve the five most impor tant feats of being safe, healthy, being happy and successful, and developing social skills to relate with others well and attaining their optimum academic performance (Wiggins and McTighe, 27-29).To achieve these seemingly high targets the curriculum uses a set of tested and achievable benchmarks capable of bringing out the expected developmental and academic outcomes. It also seeks to create friendly environments that are home to everyone irrespective of their racial, gender, nationality, and disabilities (Oldfield, 2001). It also seeks to provide meaningful foundations that the students can use to create avenues for future academic achievements. This is enhanced through a systematic procedure that offers learners clear exit paths from one grade to another.Moreover, that the curriculum provides avenues for new and anticipated collaborations with stakeholders to improve the quality and purpose during the implementation process guarantees a higher probability of succeeding. Furtherm ore, the growing students are guaranteed of future success in their academic pursuits by the integrative provisions of the curriculum (Pugh and Duffy, 2020). Overall, the curriculum is not so challenging as to frustrate the growing students, yet it is not so easy as to hold back students desire to achieve more.In a nutshell, it promotes a typical ‘hands-on’ type of learning whereby the learners as well as the teachers use their hearts and brains in equal measures as they indulge in passionate classroom and outside-classroom activities (Wiggins and McTighe, 67). Curriculum Reflection the School Mission The strength of this new curriculum lies on the fact that it adheres to the revised school mission statement and visions. As a matter of fact, the revised school mission statement recognizes that children are unique and they tend to learn at different paces.As such, it revolves creation of meaningful learning experiences within and outside classroom situations and it endea vors to achieve so by creating integrative environments that brings on board as many stakeholders as possible. Most importantly, given that the underlying concept of this new curriculum is motivation of the learners so as to develop positive habits toward learners it can be argued that this curriculum reflects the inherent needs of the Bronx studio school young children and the Bronx community at large.Furthermore, that it seeks to integrate all the stakeholders, parents, students, community, experts, teachers, the local government, as well as donors the curriculum will most likely in the education of the young children in the neighborhood, it is anticipated that it will be very easy to engage the parents and other stakeholders alike in its implementation (Renchler, 3). Furthermore, it seeks to inculcate a positive culture that is built around quality learning experiences that embraces motivation of the individual learners.The paper recognizes on the need to develop new and rich tea ching and learning methods that can be easily tested to determine their efficiency. Furthermore it delves on sound teacher-learner experiences that seek to arouse and shape students proclivity in during their class interactions with their teachers and with fellow students. Overall, this curriculum main aims is to â€Å"turn the [school] mission statement into specific† (Wiggins and McTighe, 55). Curriculum ResourcesBasing on the fact that this curriculum will be integrative in nature with motivation as its key facet, it will require intensive methods and materials for maximum implementation. To this end it will require new books as well regular seminars for teacher. Even so, only a few new books will need to be acquired afresh as most old books which has been revised and modified will still be utilized. Since the curriculum is new it will need a lot regular appraisal and evaluation to determine its ability to meet the prevailing challenges facing the school, as such it will b e necessary to have as many teachers working on it regularly.This will require that the school leadership together with the representatives from the parents body to come up with a budget of the tune of about $100,000 which will be used in the overall acquisition of the materials and recruitment of new and committed teaching staff. Other school facilities such as, desks, tables, new classes, playing areas, etc. will need to be acquired or even modified incase of the existing one. This is necessary as the new curriculum is built on the provision of new learning and teaching experiences that can enliven classroom atmospheres and provoke the learners into thinking creatively.Additionally, learning areas such, class interest arousing corners, nature corners, as well as other learner engaging areas within the classroom or within the school compound will need to be procured. Evaluation of the Curriculum In order to ensure efficiency, this curriculum will be subjected to a rigorous evaluati on and assessment procedure that will involve many approaches. Precisely, it will be subjected to both formative and summative e evaluation methods with the view of identifying its both short and long term impacts to the school needs and mission statement.The evaluation will start from as early as during the developmental stages where the existing materials will be appraised and their worth determined in regards to their capability to providing the teaching and learning experiences that the new curriculum plans to engage. The existing materials that survives the cut will then be subjected to a revision to given them a new facelift in preparation for the rigorous work that they will be expected to serve. Upon the testing and revision of the materials the curriculum will be now ready for the next stage which will be the piloting stage.Here it will be tried practically implemented in various grades, with close scrutiny and monitoring coming from the curriculum development committee, me mbers of the school teaching staff together with a few selected parents’ representatives. Other willing stakeholders will equally be involved in the process so as to accommodate as many views as possible. The views as well as the results of the pilot stage will be subjected to a full review by the development committee where necessary adjustments will be carried out in respect to the responses given during the piloting phase (Wiggins and McTighe, 29-30).Afterwards the curriculum will be formalized ready for the final summative evaluation which will involve the overall effectiveness of the curriculum in light of challenges such as availability and use of key curriculum materials as well as its interactivity with the teachers as well as its effect to other existing curricula with the school district or even within the state. Moreover, efforts will also be made to incorporate the professional views of the renowned curriculum researchers who will be required to carry out snap res earch studies in view of indentifying the overall impacts of the curriculum in the local learners’ academic pursuits.Lastly, the regular assessment methods for the curriculum once it has been launched will be identified and with view of putting them on board to enhance the ease with which the overall curriculum will be tested (Ministry of Education and Training, 24). Why the Community Should Invest in the Curriculum The main reason as to why the school community need to support this new curriculum is the apparent causes of the existing academic failure among the students.It is apparent that the school has been experiencing problems related to the overall academic performance in the last two years due to poor relationships between the parents and the school and between the teachers and the school leadership. Consequently, these two main reasons have given impetus to about a dozen of other problems which have compounded the issue. Luckily, despite these recurring poor results t he school community has shown concerns of working together to sort out the mess. As a matter of fact, the development of this new curriculum was prompted by the parents’ body and given the impetus by the school teaching staff.As such, there is every reason to believe that the school community will be willing to support it financially and morally. The fact that it needs a huge amount of money for its development and implementation means that its success will be wholly dependent on the community support. Even so, that it seeks to change an ineffective curriculum makes it more appealing to the school community. After all the community has a got a reason to invest in the new curriculum given its numerous benefits in enhancing the creation of new avenues for renewed collaborative efforts between the school and the large school community.Moreover, the new curriculum was created in constant consultation with the parents and the larger school community where efforts were made to ensu re that their opinions are given audience in order to enhance a sense of responsiveness on their part, something that is terribly missing in the existing curriculum. Lastly, its learning by doing strategy will seek to create the elusive motivation among the students and ultimately it will enhance their confidence and interest to â€Å"learn to love learning for learning’s sake† (Renchler, 3).Work Cited Follari, L. M. Foundations and best practices in early childhood education: History, theories and approaches. Prentice Hall. 2010. Kelly, A. The curriculum: Theory and practice (6th ed. ). 2009. Ministry of Education and Training. Choices into Action: Guidance and career education program policy for Ontario elementary and secondary schools. 1999. [Web] retrieved from; http://www. edu. gov. on. ca. / 2 May, 2010. Oldfield, L. Free to learn: Introducing Steiner Waldorf Early Childhood Education. Hawthorn Books. 2001 Pugh, G.and Duffy, B. (eds. ). Contemporary issues in the early years. 5th Ed. Sage Publications. 2010. Renchler, Ron. Student motivation, school culture, and academic achievement: What school leaders can do? ERIC Clearing House on Educational Management. 1992. Wagner, Tony and Keegan, Robert. Change leadership-a practical guide to transforming our schools. Jossey-Bass. 2005 Wiggins, Grants and McTighe, Jay. Schooling by design-mission, action, and achievement. ASCD. 2007. Wiggins, Grants and McTighe, Jay. Understanding by design. ASCD. 2005.

Dc Power Supply Design

Abstract: The main aim of this assignment is to design a pre amplifier circuit with an NPN transistor to be used in a simple public address (PA) system. The pre amplifier is fed from a microphone that produces an average output voltage of 10 mV rms. The amplifier is to operate over a frequency range of 300 Hz to 5 kHz and should have an adjustable volume control. The expected gain of the amplifier is 100.First we are going to design an amplifier for given specifications, model the operation of the circuit using h-parameter and r-parameter model, use computer aided design software to analyze the circuit performance and demonstrate the working of the circuit by hardware implementation. Then, we will plot the frequency response of the circuit and analyze the effect of the emitter bypass capacitor. Finally we will compare the mid-band gain, bandwidth and lower cutoff frequency obtained from the simulation result and the hardware implementation with the designed values. Chapter 1Introduct ion: Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a three terminal device with three regions (Emitter, Base and Collector) and two PN junctions (Emitter-Base junction and Base-Collector junction). Since there are two junctions that means there are four possible ways of biasing a transistor. If both junctions are forward biased then the transistor will operate in the saturation region. If both junctions are reverse biased then the transistor will operate in the cut of region. These two conditions of operation are used when the transistor is needed to work as a switch.To use a transistor as an amplifier, the emitter base junction should be forward biased and the collector base junction should be reverse biased. Amplifier is an electronic circuit that can amplify signals applied to its input terminal. If an AC signal is given to a transistor amplifier it will produce an AC base current. This AC base current will produce a much larger AC collector current since IC=? IB. The AC collector current produces an AC voltage across the load resistor RL, thus producing an amplified, but inverted, reproduction of the AC input voltage in the active region of operations.DC load line is a sloping straight line connecting all the operating points of a transistor biasing drawn on the output characteristics of the transistor and the intersection point gives the Quiescent point (Q-point). A prober Q-point should be in the middle of the DC load line. Selecting a good Q-point prevents the transistor from going into the cutoff or the saturation region and gives more stability. A fixed bias (i. e. base bias) circuit or a voltage divider bias circuit can be used for this assignment but a voltage divider circuit is more efficient.The main disadvantage in a fixed bias circuit is that ? ac depends on temperature, which means ? ac is not stable. And when ? ac changes, IC will change(IC=? IB) and VCE will change. The changes in IC and VCE make the Q-point unstable. Whereas in voltage divider bias c ircuit, IC is independent of ? ac and hence the Q-point is more stable. Voltage divider bias is widely used because reasonably good stability reached with a single power supply. Chapter 2 Problem Description: The problem is to design and fabricate a pre amplifier circuit with an NPN transistor to be used in a simple public address (PA) system.The input of the pre amplifier circuit is taken from a microphone that produces an average output voltage of 10 mV rms. The amplifier is to operate over a frequency range of 300 Hz to 5 kHz. Also, it should have an adjustable volume control. The expected voltage gain of the amplifier is 100. Design Specifications: Voltage gain = 100 Lower cut off frequency = 300Hz Vin = 10mV (rms) RL = 10k? DC power supply = 10V to 15V Type of transistor – NPN We will begin our assignment by selecting a suitable transistor. Then we will decide on a DC voltage supply and assume a prober Q-point (IC, VCE) to carry out the design.We will start the design by calculating the values of Resistors RC and RE and the voltage divider resistors R1 and R2. After that we will calculate the values of the two coupling capacitors (C1 and C2) and the emitter bypass capacitor (CE) for the required cut off frequency. After finishing the mathematical model we will simulate the circuit using OrCAD to analyze the circuit performance. Then, after finishing the simulation, we will assemble the circuit using approximate values of the calculated ones. Finally, we will compare the simulation results with the hardware results.The results we will be focusing on are the voltage gain, the cutoff frequency and the Bandwidth. Chapter 3 Circuit Diagram and Design: Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Figure 1 – Circuit Diagram Step1 – Selection of Transistor, Supply Voltage (VCC) and Collector Current (IC): The selected transistor should have a minimum current gain (? ) that is equal to or greater than the desired voltage gain. Therefore, we will us e Q2N2222 in this assignment. Since the output voltage swing is not specified in this assignment, we will choose 12V as our voltage supply. We will choose IC as 4 mA. Transistor: Q2N2222Supply Voltage: VCC = 12 V Collector Current: IC = 4 mA * To carry out the design we need to draw the dc equivalent circuit. Figure 2 – DC Equivalent Circuit Step2 – Design of Collector Resistor (RC) and Emitter Resistor (RE): VCE = 50% VCC = 50% ? 12 = 6 V VE = 10% VCC = 10% ? 12 = 1. 2 V VRC = VCC – VE – VCE = 12 – 6 – 1. 2 = 4. 8 V RC = VRCIC = 4. 8 V4 mA = 1. 2 k? RE = VEIE = VEIC = 1. 2 V4 mA = 300 ? , since IC ? IE Step3 – Design of Voltage Divider R1 and R2: ? = 100 (data sheet) R2 = ? RE10= 100? 30010 = 3 k? VB = VBE + VE = 0. 7 + 1. 2 = 1. 9 V VB = VCCR2R1+R2 R1 = VCCR2VB+R2 = 100? 3k1. +3k = 16 k? * Now we need to draw the ac equivalent circuit. Figure 3 – AC Equivalent Circuit Step4 – Design of RE1 and RE2: RE = RE1 + RE2 Rout = Rc || RL = 1. 2? 101. 2+10= 1 k? r'e = 26mIE = 26mIC = 6. 5 ? AV = Routr'e+RE1 r'e+RE1= RoutAv = 1k100 = 10 ? RE1 =10 – r'e = 10 – 6. 5 = 3. 5 ? RE2 = RE – RE1 = 300 – 3. 5 = 296. 5 ? Step5 – Design of Coupling Capacitors C1 and C2: hie = Rin (base) = ? (r'e+RE1) = 100 ? (3. 5 + 6. 5) = 1 k? Rin (tot) = R1 || R2 || Rin (base) = 1116+13+11 = 716. 4 ? XC1 = Rin(tot)10 = 716. 410 = 71. 64 ? C1 = 12? fLXC1 = 12 300? 71. 64 = 7. 4  µF XC2 = RC + RL = 1. 2 + 10 = 11. k? C2 = 12? fLXC2 = 12 300? 11200 = 47. 4 nF Step6 – Design of Bypass Capacitor CE: R’S = R1 || R2 = 16. 09? 316. 09+3 = 2. 5 k? Re = RE2 ||{ R’S ? + (r'e+RE1)} = 296. 5 ||{ 2500 100+ (6. 5+3. 5)} = 296. 5? 35296. 5+35 = 31. 3 ? XCE = Re10 = 31. 310 = 3. 13 ? CE = 12? fLXCE = 12 300? 3. 13 = 169. 5  µF Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Figure 4 – Circuit Diagram with values Simulation Results: With CE: Mid-band gain, AV = 99. 8 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 334 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 20. 6 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 20. 6 M – 334 = 20. 6 MHz Without CE: Mid-band gain, AV = 3. 5Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 305 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 46 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 46 M – 305 = 46 MHz (Circuit Diagram and Frequency Response are enclosed along with this report) Chapter 4 Hardware Fabrication and Testing Details: During circuit assembling process we tried to find the nearest values to the calculated ones. These are the values we used: RC = 1. 2 k? we selected1. 2 k? RE1 = 3. 5 ? we selected4. 5 ? RE2 = 296. 5 ? we selected270 ? R1 = 16 k? we selected15 k? R2 = 3 k? we selected2. 2 k? C1 = 7. 4  µF we selected10  µF C2 = 47. 4 nF we selected47 nF CE = 169. 5  µF we selected147  µF Procedure: . Assembled the circuit on a breadboard and connected a DC power supply of 12V. 2. Applied a sine wave of 10 mV amplitude and 100 Hz frequency to the input. 3. Observed the output waveform in the CRO and noted down the amplitude. 4. Increased the input signal frequency in steps, without changing its amplitude, and noted down the output amplitude at each step. 5. Calculated the voltage gain of the amplifier by the equation, AV = Vout/Vin found the voltage gain in dB by the equation, AV (dB) = 10 log (AV). 6. Plotted the frequency response curve and found the frequencies (fL and fH) for which the gain reaches 0. 07 of mid band gain. 7. Found the frequency range between fL and fH which gives the bandwidth of the amplifier. Hardware Results: With CE: Frequency (Hz)| Vout (mV)| AV| AV (dB)| log f| 100| 182| 18. 2| 25. 20| 2. 0| 500| 662| 66. 2| 36. 42| 2. 7| 1 k| 750| 75. 0| 37. 50| 3. 0| 5 k| 784| 78. 4| 37. 89| 3. 7| 10 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 4. 0| 50 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 4. 7| 100 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 5. 0| 500 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 5. 7| 1 M| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 6. 0| 2 M| 784| 78. 4| 37. 89| 6. 3| 5 M| 770| 77. 0| 37. 73| 6. 7| 10 M| 728| 72. 8| 37. 24| 7. 0| 50 M| 344| 34. 4| 30. 73| 7. 7| 100 M| 182| 18. 2| 25. 0| 8. 0| Mid-band gain, AV = 78. 6 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 2. 6 B = 398 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 7. 35 B = 17. 78 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 17. 78 M – 398 = 17. 78 MHz Without CE: Frequency (Hz)| Vout (mV)| AV| AV (dB)| log f| 100| 12| 1. 2| 1. 58| 2. 0| 500| 32| 3. 2| 10. 10| 2. 7| 1 k| 36| 3. 6| 11. 13| 3. 0| 5 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 3. 7| 10 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 4. 0| 50 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 4. 7| 100 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 5. 0| 500 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 5. 7| 1 M| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 6. 0| 2 M| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 6. 3| 5 M| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 6. 7| 10 M| 36| 3. 6| 11. 13| 7. 0| 50 M| 26| 2. 6| 8. 0| 7. 7| 100 M| 18| 1. 8| 5. 10| 8. 0| Mid-band gain, AV = 78. 6 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 2. 55 B = 356 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 7. 6 B = 39. 81 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 39. 81 M – 356 = 39. 81 MHz (Frequency responses of the circuit with and without CE are enclosed along with this report) (Frequency responses of the circuit with and without CE are enclosed along with this report) Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion: * First of all, there are several ways and various methods to design a common emitter amplifier or so-called RC coupled amplifier that are completely different than the one we used.We did not choose this method because it is the best method, actually, there is no such a thing called the best method. There are simple ways and there are more accurate ways. It depends on the primary assumptions, the design specifications and the thumb rules used. Simply, the method we used achieved the design requirements and accomplished desired results. * An Amplifier is a circuit that is capable of amplifying signals applied to its input terminal. The main component in any amplifier circuit is usually a transistor.Since the transistor configuration we used is a common emitter configuration, the circuit is called a Common Emitter Amplifier. Unlike other configurat ions, CE amplifier exhibit high voltage gain and high current gain. Generally, the process of a common emitter amplifier can be explained in three steps. First, the AC input signal produces an AC base current. Then, This AC base current will produce a much larger AC collector current since IC=? IB. After that, The AC collector current produces an AC voltage across the load resistor RL, thus producing an amplified, but inverted, reproduction of the AC input voltage. To use a transistor as an amplifier it should be operated in the active region (linear region). To set a transistor in the active region both junctions, Emitter-Base junction and Base-Collector junction, should be forward biased. Since changes in in temperature and other factors during the amplification process may drive the transistor into the cutoff or the saturation region, the Q-point should be in the middle of the active region to enhance the stability of the amplifier. * We preferred using a voltage divider bias cir cuit over other biasing circuits because in this kind of biasing circuits, IC is independent of ? nd therefore the Q-point is more stable. Voltage divider bias circuit is widely used because of the good stability reached with a single power supply. * C1 and C2 are called coupling capacitors. They pass ac from one side to another and block dc from appearing at the output side. In addition to that, C1 act as a high pass filter on the input signal and its value must be chosen so that it does not attenuate the frequencies which are to be amplified. Similarly, C2 also must be prevented from attenuating the output signal. * The bypass capacitor CE provides an effective short to the ac signal round the emitter resistor RE2, thus keeping only RE1 seen by the ac signal between the emitter and ground. Therefore, with the bypass capacitor, the gain of the amplifier is maximum and equal to AV=Routr'e+RE1 . Without the bypass capacitor, both RE1 and RE2 are seen by the ac signal between the emit ter and ground and effectively add to r'e in the voltage gain formula. Hence, AV=Routr'e+RE1+RE2 . * r'e is a dynamic resistor that depends on temperature. If AV was dependent only on r'e, and RE1 was not there (i. e. AV=Routr'e ), AV will be unstable over changes in temperature because when r'e increases, the gain decreases and vice versa.In order to minimize the effect of r'e without reducing the voltage gain to its minimum value we partially bypassed the total emitter resistance RE. This is known as swamping which is a compromise between having a bypass capacitor across RE and not having a bypass capacitor at all. RE1 should be at least ten times greater than r'e to minimize the effect of it. In our design RE1 is less than r'e and hence it will not do anything other than slightly reducing the gain to be about 100. In other words, in our design RE1 is somehow useless. * At lower frequencies, a capacitor will act as an open circuit.At higher frequencies, a capacitor will act as a s hort circuit. That is because the capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to the frequency (XC=1/2? fC). In an RC coupled amplifier circuits, at lower frequencies, more voltage drops across C1 and C2 because their reactance is very high. This higher signal voltage drop reduces the voltage gain of the amplifier. Similarly, at lower frequencies, the reactance of the bypass capacitor (CE) increases and this reactance in parallel with RE1 create an impedance that reduces the voltage gain.This is why RC coupled amplifier circuits have less voltage gain at lower frequencies than they have at higher frequencies. However, at higher frequencies, the reactance of the internal transistor junction capacitance goes down and when it becomes small enough, a portion of the output signal voltage is fed back out of phase with the input, thus effectively reducing the voltage gain. * Our hardware implementation results and simulation results were different. Obviously, that is because we did not find the exact values for our design. There was a notable difference between the design values and the values we have selected, especially for R2.The cutoff frequency (fL=398 Hz) is somehow acceptable but the mid band gain (AV=78. 6) is a little bit less than the desired one. Increasing the value of R2 could have solved the problem. It could have increased the voltage gain and reduced the cutoff frequency. * One of the aims of the design is to have an adjustable volume control. There are several ways to do this. One of them, and I think it’s the best, is by using a variable resistor in place of RE1 (i. e. a 100 ? variable resistor). Basically, this resistor is inversely proportional to the voltage gain (AV=Routr'e+RE1 ).Reducing the value of RE1 will increase the voltage gain, thereby increasing the volume and vice versa. References: 1. Theodore F. Bogart, Jefferey S. Beasley and Guilermo Rico (2004). Electronic Devices and Circuits. India: Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Thomas L . Floyd (2005). Electronic Devices. 7th ed. India: Pearson Education, Inc. 3. HyperPhysics  (2004)  Common Emitter Amplifier,[online] Available at: http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/electronic/npnce. html [Accessed: 20th Nov 2011]. 4. Scribd  (2006)  Common Emitter Amplifier,  [online] Available at: http://www. cribd. com/doc/27767944/Common-Emitter-Amplifier [Accessed: 25th Nov 2011]. 5. Visionics  (2005)  RC Coupled Amplifier,  [online] Available at: http://www. visionics. ee/curriculum/Experiments/RC%20Ampr/RC%20Coupled%20Amplifier1. html [Accessed: 1st Nov 2011]. 6. SSIT  (2006)  Analog Electronic Circuits,  [online] Available at: http://www. ssit. edu. in/dept/assignment/aeclabmanual. pdf [Accessed: 5th Nov 2011]. 7. Edutalks  (2007)  RC Coupled Amplifier,  [online] Available at: http://www. edutalks. org/electronics%20lab%20manual%201. pdf [Accessed: 7th Nov 2011].

Ethics in Organization class, Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics in Organization class, - Term Paper Example Every minute was impactful and helped us connect with the real life situations that confront us every day. Thank you very much Dave. What an orderly lecture! The sequential presentation of the ten key points left a lasting impression on not only me but also my friends. On behalf of them and on my own behalf, I really want to express my deep and sincere appreciation for the life touching lecture. The creativity adopted in presentation stirred our thoughts to think beyond the ordinary. Indeed, thank you. It remains that the only thank you that we can effectively give is by conforming and transforming to fit into the teachings you presented to us. The emphasis on the thoughts for future was impressive and created a lasting mental image, it is the high time for me to begin setting the kind of goals you mentioned, having the attitude and above all remaining positive while conducting time to time personal evaluation. I really regard the tone of presentation since its input was evident; you are surely a blessing to us. Two things struck me and kept me thinking. You clearly mentioned about the need and essence for mentorship, having none myself was a point of thought and evaluation. Another thing is concerning the need to be part of the community. I clearly remember your words as if it had happened a few minutes ago, the community is very essential to us. The words expressed here are not enough but the commitment to do my best to impart my society in one way or the other will present a bigger thank you. We are truly appreciative of the fact that you kept out of your busy schedule to find time to be with us. What a joy to have heard from you. The sacrifice meant much to us, I am not sure whether we could be having the same mindset that we have today. We long for another

Browser-specific Web Sites. Good or Bad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Browser-specific Web Sites. Good or Bad - Essay Example The development of browser specific websites has come a long way from when Netscape and Internet Explorer who were the major players in the market. During this development, the various browsers developed HTML tags that could only work with a particular browser. The browser specific elements like the HTML tag are specific to individual browsers. For instance, the Netscape blink set of tags specifically apply to Netscape. Other social networking sites such as facebook, twitter, LinkedIn, Google + etcetera are designed to be browser specific sites. Setting up the web sites to be viewed using particular web browsers leads to both merits and demerits. (Negrino & Smith, 2009) According to Manian, (2012), the merits resulting from browser specific sites are as follows. Firstly they are good for companies that employ a standard browser and thus the time and cost incurred in designing the website will be much lower. Secondly, they provide rewards and incentives at different locations. They can also be used to generate badges that people unlock when writing something detailed at a given place. Another merit is that, people who work with recycling can be heard directly by the audience. More so, have the benefits of sharing experiences or opinions about news and events. It personalizes and localizes recycling. One may draft posts and publish them later. It has irregular and spread out updates. Securing the web browser eliminates computer problems which are always caused by spyware being installed without the users’ knowledge to intruders taking control of the computer. In addition, it enhances access to cloud services is properly managed and audited in spite of whether the employees are working within or outside the corporate firewall. Browser specific websites hold up conformity reporting and forensics by giving the option to capture a screen-shot of browser content and create a visual audit trail of interactions with managed applications.

Overthrow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Overthrow - Essay Example This should not be used as an excuse by America concerning its present or even past wrongdoings as it is the one that been in the driving seat, but it is important to out these issues in some perspective. If America is to be called the ‘Great Satan,† then it has a very big company or allies. Several other nations should realize that they might be part of the global problem too. Considering that, America should do much better on the global stage. America might at present be the superpower on the global campus, it but it should not be the biggest problem in the global schoolyard.  The writer ends his text with an observation that we should all take heart. He states that America emerged the superpower in the world in a quicker manner than nearly any other empire or nation in the world has ever done. Full of the self-confidence and exuberance of the youth, it created a sense of unconstrained possibility. Most Americans had the belief that since they have a great success in the building of their own nation, they do not only duplicate that achievement internationally but were called by destiny. This is particularly as a result of the fact that one cannot be able to force into power, leaders in foreign nations that are both indisputably popular and well-liked by their compatriots, also who are seeking to protect the interest of the United States. It is beyond doubt that America is the world’s superpower, and it is high time that it stops being part of the world’s problems, but be part of the solution.... about the connecting events that came after the regime changes in the Arab world: That is in the year 1953, Mohammad Mossadegh, the Prime Minister of Iran was overthrown by the CIA for the Britons, replacing him with a tyrant who did not have any qualms about the welcoming or acceptance of foreign oil firms. However, that operation spurred radical fundamentalists who were led by Ayatollah Khomeini in organizing and coordinating the resistance of 1978, and their activities served as inspiration to the other Muslims allover the world. The Lebanon’s Hezbollah guerillas of present day are the devout successors of the Ayatollah and the proteges of the major Iranian clerics4. The writer documents how five presidents of the United States cultivated the Taliban in Afghanistan, at first attempting to frustrate the Soviets and then later to acquire and shelter a route of oil-pipeline. On paper, we find that every plan or overthrow is shaky and brazen, but the writer shows how such opera tions’ planners, once aim at their final objective, loose any long-lasting or long-term sense of national security or financial responsibility. All through the 1980s, when the Soviets conquered Afghanistan, the United States financed the rebels via Pakistan and did not attempt to play any role in making decisions regarding the individuals or parties that were to receive the gifts. Consequently, the people of Pakistan used the finances in establishing the Taliban group and do away with the nationalist, secular or leftist movements. This was evident even one Afghan lamented that the United States was financing her own enemies. By the invasion of the Republic of Iraq in the year 2003, the United States came full circle in the region of Middle East, whereby it once again enhanced the influence of

Carbon monoxide emissions from automobile related to the greenhouse Essay

Carbon monoxide emissions from automobile related to the greenhouse effect and how it negatively affects the US economy - Essay Example This discussion will examine the role automobile emissions play in global warming, briefly explain the phenomenon, its effects on the environment and the economic consequences to the U.S. The rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere are becoming increasingly disconcerting. Worldwide, â€Å"carbon dioxide emissions are increasing by four percent a year† (Miller, 1990: 450). Eighty percent of the world’s population accounts for just 35 percent of CO2 emissions while the United States is responsible for generating nearly half. Automobiles are the main cause of air pollution with toxins emitted from stacks at coal-burning electric power plants running a close second (Breuer, 1980: 70). In addition to CO2 emissions, vehicles emit carbon monoxides (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), all of which contribute to global warming (Energy Information Administration, 2004). As the balance between the CO2 levels in the ocean and atmosphere is disturbed by interjecting increasing amounts of CO2, the oceans continually absorb higher concentrations than it does naturally. The subsequent warming ocean waters are less effective in their ability to absorb CO2. At increased temperatures, the atmospheric water vapor and resulting precipitation will be proportionately higher. (Schroeder, 2007) The more rapid water recycling rate due to the greenhouse effect will result in heavier rainfall amounts and the number of extreme rainfall events. Higher rainfall rates will cause increased tropical storm intensity in addition to the warmer temperatures. Hurricanes may be even more frequent and intense than presently predicted. Scientists universally forecast that global warming will melt glaciers causing a rise of sea-levels which will hasten erosion resulting in the loss of vast areas of land. The change will bring about elevated storm

Why Are Ethics Important in the Field of Accounting Research Paper

Why Are Ethics Important in the Field of Accounting - Research Paper Example Ethics have a very serious bond with legality as sometimes mortality differs as it lacks certainty. If fulfilling and implementing a legal thing might turn to be unethical in behavior, as each individual perceives morality differently (Souster, 2011). The right and the wrong is determine by the proximity of application of laws and moral values of the society and thus it becomes important to not only enforce ethics in professional capacity but also to safeguard the sanctity of the independence of the professions like medicine, law, military and even accountancy. The unethical behavior and lack of confidentiality in accounting profession and services will terminate the independence and integrity of the accountants, organizations and even the public at large. The ethical dilemmas especially the grey areas which need to be assessed by the accountants for the organization as well as the services they provide through firms which enables them to not jeopardize their professional values over the familiarity with the client or not doing their job with professional due care (AICPA, 1998). Ethical Approaches and Behavior The ethical approaches are notable by Absolutism or dogmatism, which highlights the importance of believing in universally accepted codes of conducts. The right is certain and accepted in every corner of hemisphere e.g. to murder a person is wrong and to tell the truth is always right which leads to the ethical behavior of deontological approach. Another ethical approach divulges Relativism or pragmatism that argues over the circumstances or consequences that if to murder is justice and to tell a lie for a notable cause than it is ethically right (Souster, 2011). Ethical code of conduct is label by proximity of duties and responsibilities of the professional accountants in the organizations. The ethical behavior is express in relative consequential approach that is term as teleological, derived from a Greek word ‘telos,’ which means ‘th e end’. The action is right if the resultant of those actions is acceptable depending upon the ethical stances. The ethical stance of Utilitarian depicts that the action is deem right if it benefit the majority in large. This might rapture the considerations of the minorities’ ethical morals but here pluralists views to account for actions that benefits both the majority and minority. Lastly, egoistic stances favor only the action that is right for them being a selfish approach to ethical morals. The ethical approaches by consequential and role based leads to different ethical norms and decision by the organization. The personal capacity and the professional life has a strong connection in consequential approach and is deemed to be right or wrong if one goes wrong or right (Souster, 2011). Code of Ethics in Professional Accountancy Ethical standards and codes of conduct are mandatory in practicing accountancy as this profession has a wide range of services from statuto ry audit, taxation, financial services etc that needs specialized skills and knowledge to encounter the international standards of accounting and finance. The ethical code of conduct are define by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and other professional bodies such as ACCA, CA on Integrity, Objectivity, Confidentiality, Professional behavior and Professional competence and due care. Integrity is steadfast and transparency is voluntary for accountants in their business and professional relationship. Objectivity and biasness should not arise due to any familiarity or personal issues conflicting with the professional judgment. If the accountant is being over familiar

Communications Plan for Semiconductor Systems, Inc Essay

Communications Plan for Semiconductor Systems, Inc - Essay Example The gravity of the situation is very much apparent, that there are three casualties from the substance. This involves death of three people, and should be taken extreme measures to make sure that the crisis will not happen again. Apart from the fatalities, the organization and the public will be concerned about the physiological effects of this chemical agent, that apart from the fatalities, long-term damage to the health of other employees may have resulted in it. The organization should make sure to address this concern as well. Another major concern for the organization, as well as the other stakeholders will be what the incident costs the business. Apart from the monetary costs that entails the incident--pay to the families of the fatalities, the medical check-ups of the people who have been exposed to the chemicals to ensure there are not long-term damage to their health, installation of new security systems and reinforcement of new security measures, payment for publicity costs, etc—there are non-monetary costs to organization as well. This can includes: psychological tension to employees with the prospect of unsafe environment—thus either decreasing morale, productivity, or may result in increase in turnover; damage to brand equity when the news leaks to the public which will result in loss in potential talents, decrease trust in suppliers, customers and other stakeholders, and potential capital flight from investors. Employees are the target public, who are most directly concerned with the incident. Because the safety of the work environment will be a factor in the employees’ morale, productivity—this tension should be first calmed among them. Because of this incident, there will be several versions of the story when it leaks out to the public. Therefore, it is crucial to address this brand crisis and address the reality of what has happened in order to clear out future misconceptions about it. This

The Federal Open Market Committee Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Federal Open Market Committee - Coursework Example The depository institutions of the economy hold some balances with the Federal Reserve Bank. The depository institutions also lend balances at the Federal Reserve to other such institutions overnight. The interest rate at which these balances are lent is known as the federal funds rate. The Federal Reserve, with the help of its three policy instruments, influences the demand and supply of these balances held by the depository institutions at the Federal Reserve and thus also changes the federal funds rate. As the federal funds rate changes, this starts a sequence of activities which influences other short term interest rates, long term interest rates, foreign exchange rates, amount of money and credit circulating in the economy, employment, output, the prices of goods and services and many other economic variables. (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2011) The Three Main Tools of Monetary Policy Open Market Operations: Under the open market operations, the Federal Reserve Bank buys and sells U.S Treasury bills and federal agency securities in the market. These operations are usually conducted to achieve a desired level of balance reserves which the depository institutions hold with the Federal Reserve. The operations can be conducted to achieve a desired value of the federal funds rate too. Usually, the short-term objectives of the open market operations are specified by the Federal Open Market Committee ... m, 2011) (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2011) The Discount Rate: The Federal Reserve Bank has its branches located in the different regions of USA. These regional Reserve Banks have a lending facility called the discount window through which they extend loans to the commercial banks and other depository institutions of that region. The interest rate charged on these loans is the discount rate. The Federal Reserve Banks offer three types of loans through their discount windows: primary credit, secondary credit and seasonal credit, extended at their respective discount rates. The primary credit discount rate is stipulated above the short-term market interest rate level. The secondary credit discount rate is set above the primary discount rate. The seasonal credit discount rate is determined by calculating an average of selected market interest rates. The regional Reserve Bank’s Board of Directors determines their respective discount rates, although they remai n to the review of Board of Governors of the central Federal Reserve Bank. The funds borrowed by the Commercial Banks from the Federal Reserve Bank from January- July 2011 can be seen from the following table: (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2011) (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2011) Reserve Requirements: The Federal Reserve Bank stipulates an amount of funds that the depository agents should keep as reserves against specific amount of deposit liabilities. These are known as reserve requirements. The depository institutions usually hold these reserve requirements in the form of deposits or vault cash with the Federal Reserve Bank. Only the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Bank holds the power to change the reserve requirements. (Board of Governors

The analysis of TV shows Essay Example for Free

The analysis of TV shows Essay 1.1. Background Language is an illogical naming system of vocal symbol by means of which members of social group to cooperate or communicate (Bloomfield, 1933). Language has many variations since humans as the users of it are very creative. The more creative they are, the more variety the language has, but before the language experiences variations, it first undergoes changes, which make it look variable. Such changes occur mainly because humans are interacting with each other, whether it is through face to face meeting or through social media, like TV. TV has been influencing people’s speech in the term of their lexicon, by airing some shows, which expose many new terms. In this case, those shows involve influencing characters to spread the new terms. The influence is not only caused by their good look, but also from their typical lexicons that they use in their shows. Such influence is easy to make a change in the speech specially those, who watch and admire the characters fervently, the teenagers. The teenagers here are those, who are physically and mentally still growing in adolescent period, particularly teenagers in the age of nine to fifteen years old. They tend to use some lexicons, used in the TV shows. No wonder, this phenomenon is a must to be analyzed. A study done in London says that people undergo language change because they are introduced linguistic changes by members of social group with most social status (Holmes, 1947: 208). In this case, the artists or the characters, admired by the children, introduce them a new lexicon that influences their speech. The introduced lexicons are sometimes using foreign languages such as English and Malay, and they are always uttered in a typical intonation by the speakers. Thus, this happening must be analyzed in concern of the decreasing ability of children to use the standard form of Bahasa Indonesia or EYD (Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan). However, we do not have to force the children not to use those specific lexicons, because we still have to appreciate that those lexicons are the products of the speakers’ creativity. 1.2. Research Problems Based on the elaboration above, there are four formulated problems as follow: 1. How is the speech, used by children, that undergoes a language change? 2.How is the use of the changed language? 3. Why do children adapt the new lexicons? 4. How do children react towards the change in their speech? 1.3. Purposes of the study According to the background and the formulated questions, there are two purposes of the study. They are the general purpose and the specific purpose. The general purpose of this study is to appreciate the creativity of humans to produce new terms in a language in order to make the language vary. The specific purposes are drawn below. 1. To describe the speech used by children that undergoes a language change. 2. To describe the use of the changed language.  3. To describe the reasons why children adapt the new lexicons. 4. To describe children’s reaction towards the change in their speech. 1.4. Scope of the study The scope of this study is children in the age of nine to fifteen years old in Singaraja, who watch TV at least once per day. There are some concerns being analyzed in the study. They are the changed speech, the use of the changed speech, the reasons why children adapt the new lexicons, and the children’s reaction towards the change in their speech. In regards to the use of the changed speech, this study is limited to the oral communication done between children and children, and between children and adults. In finding the data, this study will be done in two places. The first place is on Jalan Pulau Komodo, Gang Aditya and the second one is in SMP Negeri 1 Singaraja, which is located at Jalan Gajah Mada 109, Banjar Bali, Buleleng. Those places are chosen because there are many children found there. The methods used in this study are observation, questionnaire, and interview. 1.5. Significance of the study The results of this study are expected to give benefits as follow: 1. Theoretically, this study results the description of TV shows’ influences towards children’s language, which is hoped to increase the enrichment of Sociolinguistics, specifically in the term of language change that happens due to the influence of TV shows. 2. Practically, this study is beneficial for university students and lecturers. For university students, this study  can be used as additional information about the influences of TV shows towards children’s language from the view of Sociolinguistics. For lecturers, this study can be used as a teaching material in relation to the happening of children’s language change. Besides, the result of this study is also expected to help other researchers as a reference when doing a study that is related to Sociolinguistics. 3. The result of this study is also helping society to react wisely towards the language change that happens to their children. The society will also be aware that various changes in a language are a normal condition because humans are becoming more creative as time goes by. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURES REVIEW In order to solve the problems in this study, the researcher is using some theories stated in some literatures. It is believed that a good study is a study that is based on strong and relevant theories. The theories used are stated as follow. 2.1. Language and Society As noted on neoenglish.wordpress.com in December 2010, language is a social-cultural-geographical phenomenon. To identify a language, people have to bear in mind that it will involve the geographical area in which the language is spoken, the culture and the society in which it is uttered, the speakers, the listeners, and also the purpose of the language. Language and society are two substances that are inseparable. Members of society cannot interact without a language and language does not exist if there is no society living. It is in society that humans acquire and use a language. In brief, by a language, humans can communicate and adapt to the environment socially and physically. Without a language, humans hardly communicate to each other. Even if they are able to, by using gestures, it will be very limited since gestures cannot describe all words that human think. The use of spoken language gives more chances to human to cooperate or interact rather than using media outside a language. 2.2. Speech Community Speech community is a group of people who use the same variety of a language,  share specific rules for speaking, and for interpreting speech (Nordquist, 2014). Speech is a form of social identity and is used, consciously or unconsciously, to indicate membership of different social groups of different speech communities (The Study of Language, 5th ed., 2014). Members of a community share a same feeling that they belong to the same group by using one variety of speech. In a speech community, the members are not only sharing the speech that they use, but also the norms in the speech itself. If members of a society use a same variety of speech, it means that they see the norms in the speech itself in a same way. People may become the members of a same community because they share at least on thing in their lives with the other people. In brief, people who share the same occupations, livings, or hobbies have the same view of the norms in a speech that make them become a speech community. 2.3. Language’s functions There are three basic functions of a language as noted on www.philosophy.lander.edu , in 2009, they are informative, expressive, and directive. Language is informative means that it functions to describe the world or reasons about it and it has a truth value. Language is expressive means that it reports the feelings or attitudes of the writer or the speaker. Meanwhile, the directive function of a language means that it is used for the purpose of causing or preventing overt action. In a nut shell, it is clear that every language has its own purpose. Even, it may be sometimes unacceptable for a certain group of people, but there is still a purpose made by the speaker in the language itself. The functions of a language are actually abundant. Because humans as the users of the language, use it to convey every activity that they do, and humans’ activities are uncountable. 2.4. Kinds of Language Cicero in 2011 stated that there seemed to be three kinds of language; they are namely slogan, factual, and thought. Slogan is a language that contains clichà ©s or ritualistic statements. It is usually found in a romance or fantasy writing. Sometimes, slogan language is also called idle talk, because when it is said, it does not matter for the hearers, since they already knew what was going to be said. Factual language is a language that involves science or statistical data. It is usually used by the speakers to  support what they have said before in order to convince the hearers that their statements are true. On the other hand, thought language is a language that neither use clichà ©s nor statements of truth. This type of language differs from the others in the way that it involves thinking. Thus, it is rarely used by people, since it requires the hearers to think about the utterance that they receive. Thought also sometimes makes the speakers change their utterance, because t he hearers might not receive their thought well. 2.5. Language Attitude Based on www.sil.org, in 2014, people have attitudes, feelings, beliefs, about language in general, their language, and the language of other people. The attitude of someone towards his language cannot be directly observed because it is demonstrated through actual behavior. Such happenings like how people treat other languages, how people do speech convergence, and how people stay stubbornly by doing speech divergence show their attitude towards particular language. The assessment of language attitudes necessitates asking questions about opinions of someone towards other people’s language. A positive attitude to another language will make a good maintenance towards the language being perceived. In the contrary, a negative attitude to another language may cause a neglecting towards each other’s language. CHAPTER 3 METHODS This study is done in order to elicit the needed data or information. The problems discussed in this study are analyzed by using some methods that include: (1) Research Design, (2) Setting of the Study, (3) Subjects of the Study, (4) Instruments, (5) Procedure of Data Collection, and (6) Procedure of Data Analysis. 3.1. Research Design This study is using descriptive qualitative design. This design is used as a procedure in identifying or depicting the real phenomenon happening in the setting of the study. Thus, the data in this study include the changed speech, the use of the changed speech, the reasons why children adapt the new lexicons, and the children’s reaction towards the change in their  speech, which are described in narrative verbal words. The purpose of descriptive qualitative study is to describe the real information based on the analyzed variables. Before this study was conducted, the researcher firstly visited the places that should be observed, they were on Jalan Pulau Komodo, Gang Aditya and in SMP Negeri 1 Singaraja, in order to familiarize the researcher and the children that are involved in this study. 3.2. Settings of the Study There are two places are used as the settings of the study. The first one was in a housing that is located on Jalan Pulau Komodo, Gang Aditya. There were 5 children being observed in this place. The second one was in SMP Negeri 1 Singaraja, which is located at Jalan Gajah Mada 109, Banjar Bali, Buleleng. In this place, there were also 5 children observed by the researcher. 3.3. Subjects of the Study The subjects of this study are the children in the settings of this study. Subjects of the study fall into three, they are (1) people, humans that researcher ask about the studied variables, (2) paper, documents or other printed media that are used by the researcher and has a correlation with the study, (3) place, spaces that the activities are conducted in (Arikunto, 1989). The subjects of this study are 10 children in total, on Jalan Pulau Komodo, Gang Aditya and in SMP Negeri 1 Singaraja. 3.4. Instruments As a support to the method in collecting the data, the researcher used some appropriate instruments that were coherent with the goal of this study. The instruments are observation, questionnaire, a note book, and a hand phone to record the interview. All the instruments are well-prepared to get supportive data for this study. 3.5. Procedure of Data Collection Based on the problems being discussed, there are some methods used to find the data of the problems. The methods that are used to find the data of children’s speech that undergoes a language change are passive participation observation and interview. This observation was done by using a recorder in a hand phone to record the specific lexicons used by the children of this study. To gain the data of the use of the changed language, the researcher  used observation method, particularly, passive observation method. A questionnaire was also given to each of the children to get the data of the reasons why children adapt the new lexicons. The questionnaire contained some comprehensible questions to answer. Before the questionnaire was answered, the researcher gave some explanations to the children about the questionnaire. To obtain the data of children’s reaction towards the change in their speech, a questionnaire was used. 3.6. Procedure of Data Analysis After having the collected data from the recording of the passive participation observation and interview, the results were then transcribed in the research. The data of the questionnaire answered by the children were also transcribed in the research. The data were next descriptive qualitatively written in the form of narrative verbal words. At the end, there was a conclusion taken about the influence of TV shows towards the children’s speech. CHAPTER 4 FINDING AND DISCUSSION In this part, the result of the study is described consecutively based on the studied problems that include: (1) The speech used by children that undergoes a language change, (2) The use of the changed language, (3) The reasons why children adapt the new lexicons, and (4) Children’s reaction towards the change in their speech. 4.1. Result of the study In this study, there were five questionnaires given to children, two times of observation, and five interviews were done to the other five children. The interviews were done between an adult and a child involved in each session. The data which are related to the problems studied, drawn as follow 4.1.1. The speech used by children that undergoes a language change The method used to elicit the data of the speech used by children that undergo a language change is observation. It can be seen that the lexicons adapted by children are still in the form of short phrases. They are used occasionally when the meaning of the lexicons can be delivered to the hearers. The example is the lexicons â€Å"Betul, betul, betul† adapted by two children at the age of nine. They used those lexicons only when they could get the chance to say that. One of the two children used those lexicons when he was asked by his friend whether he was going to move to another place. Still, most of the children’s speech adapts small numbers of lexicons, only from the TV shows that they like or even the character that they favor. Most of the lexicons used by 10 children are still simple. They reach words that are used in the TV shows that they like, which are mostly dedicated for children. The most obvious symptom gotten from their speech is that they used certain intonation to deliver the adapted lexicons. As in the lexicons â€Å"Betul, betul, betul† the intonation tends to be raising. It happened because they just solely imitate what the TV shows air to them. If the TV shows broadcast certain adapted lexicons by children with a raising intonation, then the children who copy that will tend to use the same intonation. However, in small cases, like what happened to another two children at the age of fifteen, they could make a bit variation to the lexicons that they adapt. Sometimes, they joked by slowing down or fastening the speed of saying the lexicons. Even the last syllables of the lexicons may be sometimes taken, as in the lexicons â€Å"Betul, betul, betul†, which were shortened into â€Å"Tul, tul, tul† by one of the fifteen-year-old children. The use of the changed speech was mostly done with their friends. It is because their friends could accept that and find that the use of the changed speech was fun. Another possible reason is their friends were using some adapted lexicons from other TV shows. Conversely, the use of the changed speech decreased when they talked to their parents or adults around them. The reason might be because the adults could not accept that as a form of appropriate speech when the children were talking to the elderly. Another plausible reason was because the adults did not use the lexicons, adapted by children, in their daily speech. The relationship between the children with the people that they are talking to also determines the use of the changed speech. It was found that the changed speech of children came up when they talked to close relatives or close friends. It is likely because they feel that the hearers can accept whatever speech that they use due to the closeness. However, when they talked to foreigners, guests, or other people that they rarely saw, the speech used by the children changed into the casual one that is the speech that could be accepted by anyone in their surroundings. 4.1.2. The use of the changed speech The data of the use of the changed speech are the results of the observation, questionnaires, and interview done by the researcher, which are presented as follow. 4.1.2.1. Communication between children and children Communication 1 Child 1: Yang nawang ape artine hot dog. Child 2: Tawang, anjing panas artine Child 1: Naa Naaa tidong ento tidong ento. Communication 2 Child 1: Yang be maan Shen Long tuni di Bloody Roare Child 2: Ajaan? Nyen keanggon? Child 1: Jenny keanggon Child 2: Meh nyaan, kan Shen Long aeng. Ngolok- ngolok gen gaene Child 1: Hahaha gurau je Communication 3 Child 1: Ri, abaang charger laptope Child 2: Oke fix, gampang From the data presented above, it can be seen that the adapted lexicons were used frequently by children when they were talking to each other. Mostly, the situation was very informal and they combined the lexicons with their regional dialect. The adapted lexicons were mostly used to fulfill the feeling of contentment of the speaker, because when they used the lexicons, they felt like they resembled the characters in the TV shows. Another function of the adapted lexicons is to soften the situation. As shown, in Communication 2, child one wanted to soften the situation between him and the interlocutor because he had lied to the interlocutor in the beginning. The use of the adapted lexicons is mostly accompanied with Balinese and Bahasa Indonesia. The accompaniment of Balinese is used when they are at home or playing in the housings around their living. However, the accompaniment of Bahasa Indonesia is used when they are at school, because most students are using Bahasa Indonesia there.

Strategic Planning, Mintzberg

Strategic Planning, Mintzberg Roll of strategic planning and implementation Introduction According to Mintzberg et al (2003, p.10) ‘A strategy is the pattern or plan that integrates an organisations major goals, policies, and action sequences into a cohesive whole. A well formulated strategy helps to marshal and allocate an organisations resources into a unique and viable posture based on its relative internal competencies and shortcomings, anticipated changes in the environment, and contingent moves by intelligent opponents. Likewise Haberburg and Rieple (2008, p.6) defined strategy as ‘ a strategy is the set of actions through which an organisation , by accident or design, develops resources and uses them to deliver services or products in a way which its users find valuable, while meeting the financial and other objectives and constraints imposed by key stakeholders. In contrast White (2004, p.5) defined strategy as ‘a coordinated series of actions which involve the deployment of resources to which one has access for the achievement of a given purpose. Furthermore strategy ‘is a process of translating perceived opportunity into successful outcomes, by means of purposive action sustained over a significant period of time. Lynch (2000, p.8) defined corporate strategy as ‘ it is the pattern of major objectives, purposes or goals and essential policies or plans for achieving those goals, stated in such a way as to define what business the company is in or is to be in and the kind of company it is or is to be. Morden (2007, p.14) revealed, Strategic Management is concerned with the character and direction of the enterprise as a whole. It is concerned with basic decisions about what the enterprise is now, and what it is to be in the future. It determines the purpose of the enterprise. It provide the framework for decisions about people, leadership, customers or clients , risk, finance, resources, products, systems, technologies, location, competition, and time. It determines what enterprise should be capable of achieving, and what it will not choose to do. It will determine whether and how the organisation will add value, and what form that added value should take. Strategic management is also concerned with management planning and decision making for the decision making for the medium and long-term future. It is considered with the anticipation of that future and with the establishment of a vision or view of how the enterprise should develop into the future that it must face. Strategic Planning According to Marios I.Katsioloudes (2006) â€Å"Strategic planning is the process by which a system maintains its competitiveness within its work environment by determining where the organization is, where it wants to go, and how it wishes to get there. In other words, strategic planning involves examining what strategies will enable to corporation or association to prosper in future† Strategic planning is a process where you determine the strengths and weakness of your business. You also can set your companys goals, objective and mission statement during this process. We can say this that strategic planning is a management tool for organizing. Its also lead an organizing from where is now to future. A good definition is strategic planning is â€Å"the process of determining a companys long-term goals and than indentifying the best approach for achieving those goals.† Without a strategic planning an organization will never know where it going. Importance Strategic planning is a very important for an organization. And its help to achieve An organizations goals and its also helps to provide direction and focus for all employees. It points to specific results that are to be achieved and establishes a course of action for achieving them. A strategic plan also helps the various work units within an organization to align themselves with common goals. Strategic planning Process In the earlier 1970s, various large firms adopted an official top-down strategic planning model. With this model, strategic planning became a planned process in which top executives from time to time would prepare the firms strategy, and then communicate it down the organization for implementation. The following strategic planning process model discuses below. Mission | V Objectives | V Situation Analysis | V Strategy Formulation | V Implementation | V Control This process is most appropriate for strategic management at the business unit level in organization. For large corporations, strategy at the corporate level is more concerned with managing a selection of businesses. In the process outlined here, company or firm will be used to signify a single-business firm or a single business unit of a diversified firm. Mission A mission is important key factor of any organization. The mission often expressed in the form of a mission statement of any organization, which conveys a sense of purpose to employees and projects a company image to customers. In the strategy formulation process, the mission statement sets the mood of where the company should go. Objectives Objectives are actual goals that the organization will achieve, for example, an earnings growth target. The objectives should be challenging but achievable. They also should be considerable so that the company can monitor its progress and make corrections as needed. Situation Analysis Once the firm has specified its objectives, it starts with its current situation to set up a strategic plan to fulfil those objectives. Changes in the external environment and make new opportunities and new ways to achieve their objectives. An environmental scan is performing to find out the available opportunities. The situation analysis therefore involves an analysis of both the external and internal environment. The external environment has two dimensions: the macro-environment affects all firms and a micro-environment that affects only the firms in a particular industry. The macro-environmental analysis includes political, economic, social, and technological factors and sometimes is called PEST analysis. An important part of the micro-environmental analysis is the industry in which the firm operates or is considering operating. Michael Porter devised a five forces framework that is useful for industry analysis. We also can use SWOT Model to Analysis Companys internal and external situation. Strength and weakness use for internal analysis and opportunity and threats use for external analysis of any organisations as show in the diagram below. Strategy Formulation Once we get a clear image of the organization and its environment in hands, exact strategic alternatives can be applied. Infect different firms has different alternatives depending on their situation, there also exist generic strategies that can be applied across a wide range of firms. Control Once we applied the strategy, the results of the strategy need to be calculated and evaluated, with changes need to be required to keep the idea on path. Strategy implementation De Wit and Meyer (2005, p.278) revealed, the implementation of the strategy comprises a series of sub activities that are primarily administrative. If purpose is determined then the resources of a company can be mobilized to accomplish it. An organisational structure appropriate for the efficient performance of the required tasks must be made effective by information systems and relationships permitting coordination of subdivided activities. Furthermore the role of personal leadership is important and sometimes decisive in the accomplishment of strategy. Although we know that organisational structure and processes of compensation, incentives, control and management development influence and constraint the formulation of strategy, we should look first at the logical proposition that structure should follow strategy on order to cope later with the organisational reality that strategy also follows structure. When we have examined both tendencies, we will understand and to some extent be prepared to deal with the interdependence of the formulation and implementation of corporate purpose. According to Henry (2008, p.10) ‘effective implementations of strategies require the organisation to be sufficiently flexible in its organisational culture and design. Strategies need to be communicated, understood, and properly coordinated with the stakeholders inside and outside the organisation. In an age of collaboration, this may involve discussions with suppliers and partners. Although the leader of the organisation will ultimately be responsible for a strategys success or failure, their role should be to encourage and create an organisational culture which empowers managers to respond to opportunities. In this way each employee will be confident to try out new ideas and innovate without fear of reprisals. White (2004, p.618), the implementation of a successful strategy is to focus on the five Cs as the basic requirement needed to keep the separate units in any organisation to achieve the objectives of strategy. The five Cs are: Coordination, Communication, Command, Control and Conflict/consensus. Coordination: There should be coordination at every step of strategy making, certainly in the process of formulation and implementation between the stakeholders, different cooperating enterprises and organisational levels, and between different internal units within the enterprise itself. Communication: Coordination is only possible with the help of proper communication of information concerning objectives and threats, capabilities and threats, risks and threats. The accurate information must be communicated. Command: â€Å"It is passed downward, reflecting the hierarchy of authority which characterizes every organisation. It should be rarely given and only when absolutely necessary, in crises or to resolve a particular conflict. It is held in reserve for when is needed. Everyone should be aware of possibility of command but it does not have to be used. There are some occasions when decisive action is necessary, but most the time staff should be aware of what they need to do without being prompted. Control: It is often exercised indirectly and discretely, through incentive structures and globalization of a corporate culture. There are direct control systems in certain areas such as finance. It is better that all become committed to following the broad directions of the strategy without explicit instructions. The outlines of strategy provide the guidelines are internalized and do not require endless repetition. Each decision maker has their own domain or is of control, all well understood, and obtains from intervention on other domains unless invited or if there is a crisis. Conflict / Consensus: Honest disagreements are certain in any organisation. It is a vital aspect of any creative activity, since creative thinking means thinking outside the normal boundaries. If a new idea is to change behaviour, it needs to be argued out in the forum of enterprise where there will inevitably by those who cannot agree. Any proposal for change for change almost always invites conflict of kind, hostility from those opposed to a new way of thinking or to change.† Strategic Management Process Thompson and Strickland (2003, p.6) defined term strategic management â€Å"it refers to the managerial process of forming a strategic vision, setting objectives, crafting a strategy, implementation and executing the strategy, and then over time initiating whatever corrective adjustment in the vision, objectives, strategy, and execution are deemed appropriate. Strategic Vision: A strategic vision of a company reflects managements aspirations for the organisation and its business, providing a panoramic view of ‘what we are doing and giving specifics about its future business plans and giving specifics about its future business plans. It brings out long-term business purpose and shape the organisational identity. A strategic vision helps an organisation in a particular direction and in a strategic path for it to follow. Setting Objectives: ‘The purpose of setting objectives is to convert managerial statements of strategic vision and business mission into specific performance targets, i.e. results and outcomes the organisation wants to achieve. Crafting a Strategy: Strategy making brings into the critical managerial issue of how to achieve the targeted results in light of the organisations situation and prospects. Objectives are ends and the strategy is the means of achieving them. Implementing and Executing the strategy: Strategy implementation concerns the managerial exercise of putting a freshly chosen strategy into place. Likewise ‘strategy execution deals with the managerial exercise of supervising the ongoing pursuit of strategy, making it work, improving the competence with which it is executed, and showing measurable progress in achieving the target results.† Case: British Airways Airline industries and carriers are facing very hard time, because recession has affected the business and the industries have to reduce their prices and are not making well profit as compared to the past. As it is a worldwide fast growing industry making airlines more complex and challenging. Because of recession and increased number of unemployments in airline industries. British Airways is the UKs largest international airline, flying to 6 domestic destinations over 148 international destinations at multiple times, to the all best located airports. The major place of business is Heathrow, one of the worlds premier airport locations. BA also operates a worldwide air cargo business. But still British Airways had to restructured and make some serious strategic changes to avoid the bankruptcy or the closure. BA had his vision to achieve their goal and took effective and reasonable steps to compete in the market with its performance and operation under the last couple of years. Market fell from more than 30 per cent in 1998 to about 20 per cent in 2005. This year, BA announced the worst half-year losses in its history. During the six months to September 2009, the company face a  £292m ($485m) loss, compared with  £52m profits during the same period a year earlier. In order to survive and to make an easy recovery in this competitive environment and to attain a leadership in the industry BA has taken strong steps to upgrade the systems and technology, In order to increased the fleet size British Airways ordered 36 new long haul Aircraft on 27th September 2007 which includes 12 A380s,and 24 Boeing 787s. British Airways also ordered on 1st February 2008 Airbus A318s to run a premium services out from London City Airport to New York. This fitted luxury 32 lie flat beds in business class cabin. The increase in technology like online ticketing, online checking also enhances the BA business. Because customer has no need to stand in queue. Innovative flight service such as sleeper service will attract more customers. Introduction of the terminal 5 on the HEATHROW AIRPORT will help increasing of the flig hts of the BA and able to provide more relaxed environment to its customers. Possible merger of the BRITISH AIRWAYS and QANTAS AIRLINE could be the great opportunity to become absolute market leader of the world. Willie Walsh stated that British Airways had reduced 1,450 staff members since March 2009. They also reduced the overtime and 500 redundancies were made. Twenty percent of future capital expenditure is reduced this year from 725 million pounds to 580 million pounds and it will be the same through out this year. Mr. Willie Walsh also admitted that this structural change of British Airways is necessary for survival and long term success. British Airways managed with its comprehensive and proactive strategy to accelerate its return to profitability and economic welfare well in advance of its rivals. The airline announced that it is planning to raise  £680 million of liquidity through a  £350 million convertible bond issue and by gaining access to bank facilities which are currently used to provide guarantees to its pension funds. This will increase liquidity to approximately  £2 billion. Conclusion A successful and well-organized strategic plan can recognize the organisations strength, and related weaknesses, determining the new opportunity and with useful action resolve the problems. These can be either from the capabilities and expertise of an organisation or from the actual market demand. Successful strategy plan is when there is a continues perfection and effective use of time and resources. The role of manager is very important to make organisation profit-making or non- profit making with taking right decisions. He should think strategically rather than operationally. The main factor of strategic planning is that how the information gained, implement and used. References Mintzberg, H., Lampel, L., Quinn, J. Ghoshal, S. (2003) The Strategic Process, 4th edition, Prentice Hall publishing, New Jersey. White, C. 2004, Strategic Management, 1st edition, Palgrave Macmillan, New York Lynch, R., 2000, Corporate Strategy, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, Harlow Morden, T. 2007, Principles of Strategic Management, 3rd edition, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot. Haberberg, A. Rieple, A. 2008, Strategic Management: theory and application, 1st edition, Oxford University Press, New York. De Wit, B. Meyer, R. 2005, Strategic Synthesis: Resolving strategy paradox to create competitive advantage, 2nd edition, Thompson, London. Henry, A. 2008, Understanding Strategic Management, 1st edition, Oxford University Press, New York. Thompson, A., Strickland A.J., 2003, Strategic Management: concepts and cases, 13th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. Marios I.Katsioloudes Ph. D, (2006) Strategic Management, Global Cultural perspectives for profit and non-profit organisation, p 2, 6 Lynch, R., 2003, Corporate Strategy, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, Harlow URL Source: www.investorwords.com/4774/strategic_planning.html Date of Access: 25th February 2010 URL Source: http://www.onlinebusadv.com/index.php?PAGE=14 Date of Access: 25th February 2010 URL Source: http://www.netmba.com/strategy/process/ Date of Access: 25th February 2010 URL Source: http://hrmadvice.com/assets/images/swotanalysis.jpg Date of Access: 25th February 2010 URL Source: http://www.britishairways.com/travel/about-british-airways/public/en_gb Date of Access 25th February 2010

Harley Davidson Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Harley-Davidson Motor Company had a small beginning, but has risen to unimaginable success. The road to success has not been simple and the company has been faced with many hardships. The support of outrageously loyal owners have allowed the company to struggle but maintain its composure. Harley’s top management has implemented plans to achieve prosperity, which has lasted throughout the years, and they are constantly looking forward.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To understand this company’s success it is important to know a brief history. H-D began meagerly in 1903 and is the brainchild of two men, William S. Harley and Arthur Davidson. Their first shop was a small wooden shed in their hometown of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The shop was more of a hut, not much larger then a Moravian College dorm room. On the front door there was roughly carved sign that read, â€Å"The Harley-Davidson Motor Company.† From this tiny beginning H-D grew to become the ruler of the American motorcycle industry (Harley-Davidson.com).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Arthur’s brothers Walter, and William Davidson soon joined up and they began expanding the motorcycle industry. About this time H-D filed articles of corporation, and the stock was spilt four ways amongst the Harley’s and the Davidson’s. This begins a family tradition that still thrives today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  H-D rapidly expanded and grew in popularity. In 1953, following the demise of its last American competitor, Indian (Hendee Manufacturing), Harley-Davidson becomes the sole producer of motorcycles in the United States. Harley remains alone for forty-six years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After World War II, in which H-D produced 90,000 bikes for military use, Harley began to experience its newest and most competitive foe, foreign manufacturers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The introduction of Japanese motorcycles into the United States drastically affected H-D. Japanese bikes were more efficient and cheaper. Also the Japanese marketed their bikes as clean and wholesome, and tried to pit Harley’s badboy image against them. Now Harley’s management faced a difficult situation, either to evolve or face elimination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At this time, late 1960s, H-D was still a privately owned corporation, but to avoid takeover and also to gain financial backing H-D merged with the American Machin... ...f H-D motorcycles. Harley has endured strong Japanese competition, weak parent companies (AMF), and numerous production difficulties. Through all of their trials and tribulations H-D most valuable asset has been its enormous cult following of die-hard bikers. With such positive brand image and tremendous success in the stock market, I think it is safe to say that the patented sound of Harley-Davidson motorcycles will be heard for as long as this country stands. Bibliography Bartol, Kathryn M. and Martin, David C. Management. Bosto: McGraw-Hill. 1998. Eisenberg, Daniel. â€Å"Youth Must Be Revved,† Time August 13, 2001, Vol. 158 Issue 6, p47. Http://www.Harley-Davidson.com Jackson, Terry. â€Å"Designer Ford 2001 Pickups: Too Pretty to Haul Gravel,† Hispanic May 2001, Vol.14 Issue 5, p74. McLaughlin, Abraham. â€Å"The radical road that Harley took,† Christian Science Monitor November 29, 1999, Vol. 92 Issue 3, p1. Reid, Peter. Well Made in America: Lessons from Harley-Davidson on being the best. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1990.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Colonialism in the Literary Short Story Essay -- Literary Analysis

The idea of heritage and tradition in the modern world has become an idea of importance to both the indigenous peoples and the descendants of the European colonists who attempted to Westernize the lands they discovered and the people in them. This idea has taken numerous forms in recent years and not-so-recent years. One form it has been examined in is the literary short story. Thomas King’s â€Å"One Good Story, That One† and Chinua Achebe’s â€Å"Dead Men’s Path† use characters and conflict to make a statement about the loss of tradition and heritage in order to demonstrate the effect of colonialism on indigenous people and their culture. The representatives of colonialism in these stories are white men in positions of superiority. In King’s story, they take the role of anthropologists, well-educated and well-dressed, while in Achebe’s story, the white man is a supervisor in charge of overseeing everything the black main character does. The presence of these men, all of European descent, is a metaphor for the manner in which the original colonist behaved. The supervisor’s position of authority over the ‘lesser’ black man is reflective of the attitude that causes loss of heritage, while in King’s story the attitude the anthropologists display is that of the conqueror: expecting to have their wants (to hear an old traditional story) met by those who have been conquered. They do not even deign to sit with the person they are asking this of. â€Å"These three like to stand. Stand still.† (pg... p...) These characters remain nameless and faceless, only known by their titles, throughout both stories. Perhaps this is because their true purpose in the story is not as a character, but as a symbol for the attitudes of the colonists. If the white men ... ...ce if the lessons taught through these literary short stories are taken to heart and lived out in daily life. Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. "Dead Men's Path." Short Fiction: Classic and Contemporary. Ed. Charles Bohner. Prentice Hall, 2002. 40-42. Print. Derry, Ken. "Religion and (Mimetic) Violence in Canadian Native Literature." Literature & Theology: An International Journal of Religion, Theory, and Culture 16.2 (2002): 201-219. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Web. 8 Nov. 2010. Heinimann, David. "Trickster Ethics, Richler and King Fiddling." English Studies in Canada 30.3 (2004): 39-56. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Web. 8 Nov. 2010. King, Thomas. "One Good Story, That One." One Good Story, That One. HarperCollins, 1993. 3-10. Print Lindfors, Bernth, ed. Conversations with Chinua Achebe. Jackson: Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1997. Print.

Speech Recognition and Speech Synthesis :: Essays Papers

Speech Recognition and Speech Synthesis Speech Recognition. Speech Recognition is the process by which a computer maps an acoustic speech signal to text. It is different that speech understanding which is the process by which a computer maps an acoustic speech signal to some form of abstract meaning of the speech. This process depends on the speaker, and how he speaks the language. There are three different systems for the speaker. * Speaker dependent system. * Speaker independent system. * Speaker adaptive system. Speaker Dependent System. A speaker dependent system is developed to operate for a single speaker. These systems are usually easier to develop, cheaper to buy and more accurate, but not as flexible as speaker adaptive or speaker independent systems. Speaker Independent System. A speaker independent system is developed to operate for any speaker of a particular type like American English, or any other kind of English Language. These systems are the most difficult to develop, most expensive and accuracy is lower than speaker dependent systems. However, they are more flexible. Speaker Adaptive System. A speaker adaptive system is developed to adapt its operation to the characteristics of new speakers. It's difficulty lies somewhere between speaker independent and speaker dependent systems. There are many things that effects the speaker systems. For example The size of vocabulary of a speech recognition system affects the complexity, processing requirements and the accuracy of the system. Some applications only require a few words like numbers, others require very large dictionaries (e.g. dictation machines). There are no established definitions for the size of vocabulary. To make it easy to understand we can say that :- small vocabulary - tens of words medium vocabulary - hundreds of words large vocabulary - thousands of words very-large vocabulary - tens of thousands of words. As well as the size of vocabulary effects the speaker system, the way on speaking this words effects too. There are two different ways of speech. continuous speech or isolated-word speech. Isolated-word Speech:- An isolated-word system operates on single words at a time - requiring a pause between saying each word. This is the simplest form of recognition to perform because the end points are easier to find and the pronunciation of a word tends not affect others. Thus, because the occurrences of words are more consistent they are easier to recognize. Continuous Speech:- A continuous speech system operates on speech in which words are connected together, i.e. not separated by pauses.