Prostitution in the 19th and 20th Centuries Essay -- Prostitute Prosti

During the late 19th- and early 20th century, the nature of society forced the conveying class women of America to take avail of any means to support themselves, including prostitution. Each woman had to decide herself which work option best supported her financially. During this time, women had limited options as far as work was concerned. As time went on, more and more women were forced to work, because they had no husband and no other means of building up a dowry for a husband. By 1910 the wage labor force was made up of ab come out 20% of women as young as fourteen. The wages these women earned were unbelievably low, and at times as much as 80% lower than the wages men earned. Possible job opportunities for the women included options such as a stuff factory, which consisted of clothing and fabric production. In these factories, the women ran high risks to their health. More wealthy people would hire these women for domestic services such as nannies, or house servants. These jobs sometimes required the woman to live at that residence, and the women ran the constant risk of being molested by a higher-class ranking individual. Department stores were also willing to hire women. However, the defer to this type of work was that the women were sometimes expected to purchase expensive dress up clothing that most of the time they couldnt afford. The women were advised to round out their meager salaries by finding a gentleman friend to purchase clothing and pleasures(Peiss, 79). Prostitution was a reliable work engagement that many women participated in. why did the women feel this was their best option? Several critical, attractive benefits that only prostitution offered contributed to womens choice of ... ...dle-class reform women could book reversed their movements from the women, and turned them toward the men who were position the prostitutes in business. Those prostitutes could not have been prostitutes if it were not for the eager men pa ying them for it. However, perhaps a reason this was not done was because the reform women did not have the means to do something as drastic as this because they were, after all, women in a time of man control. Women did not have the same leisurely rights to do as they pleased that men had. I feel that both the reform women and the working-class prostitutes had reasonable bounds for what they fought for. I think that if women had had the rights that men did, prostitution may never have existed. Therefore, personally I blame the men for neglecting women rights, and forcing them to find other, less moral ways to support themselves.

Ending For Samphire By Patrick OBrien Essays -- Papers

Ending For Samphire By Patrick OBrien As she pushed him, she felt her arms weak like jelly. Molly knew the force of pushing this boy was too much for her fatigue arms, but he still fell downward, quite surprised by Mollys actions. On most occasions the boy would have felt embarrassed by being pushed over by a girl, but instead the boy stood up, stared at her and took his trustworthy chameleon and left. Molly really wanted to catch this variant up, but something, maybe her own pride, had pulled her back. Instead she went and sat down beside the palm tree, recollecting her thoughts on how to survive in this unknown island. She knew that she was the only one that survived in the weather sheet crash, so where did the boy come from? And why was he accompanied by a chameleon? And why did she push him, when all he did was stare at her? These questions whirled around Mollys head until she went to a deep sleep. As the native boy left he felt only respect for M ollys action. It showed that she had a key specialism of survival - courage. He knew that she is one to be respected if they ever meet again. For now though, his pet, which he names Lacey, was in desperate need for food, and he walked out front to the lake of swamps. The lake of swamps was a lake that looked very abstract and gave a rancid stink, but still retained some of its beauty. The mystical them of the lake attracted the boy, as from generation from generation he has been taught from his race that there is a mystical creature that lives in the lake. The boy grabbed a small boulder and chucked it in the centre of the lake, which stunned most of the fish upwards onto the bank. The... ...outh, because the creature could sense if the human breathed underwater. But the boy could not take the girl upwards, because she was wriggling frantically, trying to kick her way out of the boys grasp. The boy held on for dear life on her mouth, but she kept f ighting frantically until suddenly she stopped. She rose above to the water as a unchanging figure. The boy knew she was dead. At utter surprise of Mollys death and that the boy knew he had killed her, he shrieked in horror, tears rolling down his eyes against the rudderless water. What he forgot was the mystical swamp creature. He had movemented his mouth so the creature had grasped hold of him. The boy fought for escape, but he, like Molly, came to no avail. The creature, after one swirling motion of a hand, had knocked the boy out. The boys vision went black.

Essay on the Role of the Gods in Homers Iliad :: Iliad essays

The Role of the Gods in Homers Iliad If one holds the contemporary view of the Christian God then it may be difficult to comprehend the actions and motivation of the Greek deities. The Christian God does not tend to take such an prompt role in the affairs of peoples lives, where, on the other hand, the Greeks regarded direct involvement by the gods as a daily, uncontrollable part of life(Guthrie 17). Needless to say, shaper intervention was a major variable in the equation of Homers Iliad. The gods picked who they would favor for different reasons, except Zeus. As the symbol of supreme authority and justice, he makes thinker calls as to the other gods involvement in the war, remains impartial, and doesnt seem to get caught up in picking favorites. Even when his own son, Sarpedon, was about to die, Zeus chose to let the outcome go unaltered. On the other hand, Zeuss wife, Hera, displayed the more typical actions of a god. After Paris, a Trojan, judged Aphrodite the fairest ove r Hera, and, after her daughter Hebe was replaced as cupbearer to the gods by a young Trojan boy, she was quite resentful towards Troy and its people. Obviously, she sloped with the Greeks and would stop at nothing to express her will. Scheming and manipulating, she even dared to trick her husband, King of the Gods. Hera, along with Athena, who was excessively passed over by Paris, is seen as the chief divine aid to the Greeks. Being the god of the sea, Poseidon was another strong supporter of the ocean-faring Greeks. Whenever Zeus turned his back, Poseidon tried to answer the Greeks in the fight. Poseidon felt that he was somewhat Zeuss equal, as his brother, but recognizing Zeuss authority and experience, he looked to Zeus as an elder. There were also Gods who favored the Trojan side of the conflict. Both Apollo and Artemis, twin brother and sister, gave aid to the city of Troy. Although Artemis takes a rather minor role, Apollo, perhaps angered by Agamemmnons refusal to rans om Khryseis, the daughter of one of his priests, and was ever changing the course of the war in favor of the Trojans. Responsible for sending plague to the Greeks, Apollo was the first god to make an appearance in the Iliad. Also, mainly because Apollo and Artemis were on the Trojan side, their mother, Leto, also helped the Trojans.

Essay --

When I was in upper form in secondary school, numbers were a nightmare to me. Additional mathematics was the major reason of this worse thing that could ever happened to me. Until one day, I got offer from MARA Professional College of Beranang to do a sheepskin in Accountancy. It is totally a right one as I am able to get pointer 4.0 for every final semester examination. As beat passes, I am sure that numbers are major concern but in a positive side now. The most interesting ruin of doing accounting is the feeling of being able to solve the problems, to get the correct figure and to get the Statement of Financial Position balanced is such a satisfaction for me. My academic achievement have always make me smile and sometimes cry also. For a person who is phobia of numbers, I managed to get gauzy result for my final examination. Of course it required a lot of hard works but after all, no pain no gain. Today, I am glad and proud to say that I love accounting. During my college years , I was members of the Students Representative Council holding the responsibilities of Exco of Arts an...

Persistence: Endurantist vs. Perdurantist :: essays research papers

The notion of Persistence gives way to several predominant theories of which, attempt to account for many possible questions that bristle from it. As in most cases of debate, when more than wiz account of such is held to be true, there will clearly be much disagreement. Two views that acquire to account accurately for persistence that remain widely known are , that of an endurantist (Threeist) and that of a perdurantist (Twoist). The endurantist will hold that objects are wholly present at all in all times, a persistent object endures over time. The conflicting view of a perdurantist claims that objects are actually composed of temporal separate, more precisely, proper temporal parts. Further, a Twoist (vs. Oneist), will say that a name most often refers to the sum of ones temporal parts, whereas a Threeist believes a name to refer to one who is wholly present during all times of its existence. The two opposing theories stated very simply, as above, give insight as to the nature of their arguments against one another. It does seem, however, that the Twoists account of persistence gives an exceedingly useful notion in regards towards many more subjects of philosophy, as well as an explanation that accounts for much more in terms of the problems associated strictly with persistence itself. The argument posed by VanIwagen, a Threeist, against the Twoist is known as the problem of Essential Duration and the counterpart argument condition by the Twoist is referred to as the problem of Temporary Intrinsics. VanInwagens (modal) argument goes as follows One could have lived longer than did in the actually world this must be accounted for by either, one having been composed of more temporal parts that actually was, or at least some of ones temporal parts had a longer sequence than did in the actual world. VanInwagen continues with a twoist must clearly hold that temporal parts have their duration essentially their duration can not be shorter or longer. It then fol lows that a person is also a temporal part, which is to say they are the sum of all his or her temporal parts, making this the largest part. If this is so, says VanInwagen, then the Twoist must hold this duration essentially and one could not have lived longer than did in the actual world. A contradiction in terms is reached, VanInwagen then very quickly disregards any additional consideration of such an avenue.

Persistence: Endurantist vs. Perdurantist :: essays research papers

The notion of Persistence gives way to several predominant theories of which, attempt to account for many possible questions that cram from it. As in most cases of debate, when more than angiotensin converting enzyme account of such is held to be true, there will clearly be much disagreement. Two views that cite to account accurately for persistence that remain widely known are , that of an endurantist (Threeist) and that of a perdurantist (Twoist). The endurantist will hold that objects are wholly present at solely times, a persistent object endures over time. The conflicting view of a perdurantist claims that objects are actually composed of temporal split, more precisely, proper temporal parts. Further, a Twoist (vs. Oneist), will say that a name most often refers to the sum of ones temporal parts, whereas a Threeist believes a name to refer to one who is wholly present during all times of its existence. The two opposing theories stated very simply, as above, give insight as to the nature of their arguments against one another. It does seem, however, that the Twoists account of persistence gives an exceedingly useful notion in regards towards many more subjects of philosophy, as well as an explanation that accounts for much more in terms of the problems associated strictly with persistence itself. The argument posed by VanIwagen, a Threeist, against the Twoist is known as the problem of Essential Duration and the counterpart argument stipulation by the Twoist is referred to as the problem of Temporary Intrinsics. VanInwagens (modal) argument goes as follows One could have lived longer than did in the actually world this must be accounted for by either, one having been composed of more temporal parts that actually was, or at least some of ones temporal parts had a longer continuance than did in the actual world. VanInwagen continues with a twoist must clearly hold that temporal parts have their duration essentially their duration can not be shorter or longer. It then follows that a person is also a temporal part, which is to say they are the sum of all his or her temporal parts, making this the largest part. If this is so, says VanInwagen, then the Twoist must hold this duration essentially and one could not have lived longer than did in the actual world. A contradiction in terms is reached, VanInwagen then very quickly disregards any additional consideration of such an avenue.

The effects of the Blitz on everyday life in Britain

Although the Blitz did affect military production and industry slightly, it mainly affected the way of life of the mass of Britain, testing their resolve, perseverance, and overall morale. The civilians were on the front line, and had to adapt their lives accordingly. London was perhaps the most harshly affected. The first priority was to prevent bombardment altogether. A cur hardly a(prenominal) was posed, noone was allowed out after dark encase they were spotted by bombers and targetted.This may have affected the livleyhoods of many londoners, who would have to look for other work, although this was perhaps the least drastic of measures taken to avoid bombing. A blackout was issued, no lights were to be visible at night. Shops, homes, trains, and cars were all included in this. This would be done by boarding up windows, dulling reflective surfaces, or just turning the lights out. This was designed to prevent enemy institutionalisecraft from navigating attacks purely on sight a nd forced them to use different methods, causing difficulty.Although, with vehicles, it caused many road accidents. If bombing could not be prevented then the next priority was to minimise casualties. It was paramount that civilians had access to a safe place to foster themselves from attack. Anderson shelters were distributed to many homes in Britain, allowing civilians slack access to protection. Although people were urged to sleep in these at night, they were cold and uncomfortable and sometimes flooded, so people took their chances under the st breezes or even in their beds. These werent the only sources of shelter.Brick shelters were set up which would house many people, though these did not provide much protection from bombs and were easily destroyed. Civilians also used bridges and arches to protect them selves from attack aswell as the underground tube and train tunnels. Civilians were ordered to carry gas masks, incase the germans dropped gas that could get into the shelt ers. To make sure all air raid precautions were set up and executed properly, 500,000 ARP (Air Raid Precaution) wardens, were employed. These were the people whose responsibility it was to alert the public of air raids and make sure that civilians were sheltered.They also looked over the precautions to air raids, such as inspecting blackout precautions and shelters to make sure they are adequate. Morale was one of Englands most important defenses against the German campaign and keeping morale up meant moving the vunerable from places that are likely to be bombed to safety. The answer was evacuation. The country was divided into three zones. Evacuation, these were the places that were likely to be heavily bombed and required evacuation. Neutral, these were the places that were marvelous to be bombed, but still had a sizeable population with a chance of being attacked.These were not required to receive or evacuate. Reception, these were the more than rural areas with a less dense pop ulation and were the least likely to be bombed. These were the places that evacuees would be taken. London was perhaps the most severe evacuation zone. The children of London, sometimes even mothers and the disabled, were put on trains and sent into areas comparitively safe from bombing. Using this program, space for 4. 8 million people was found, and camps set up to accommodate a few more thousand, and some even evactuated abroad, to other European countries and even America.Those evacuated stayed with families in rural areas, and those who were evacuated at a young age spent the most authoritative years of their life in evactuation, becoming very attached to their carers. Although all of these precautions had been taken. , bombs still fell, damaging buildings, and however much avoidance was placed, people died. Quick solvent was required to salvage as much as could be from the damaged parts of London. Many people were drafted into the auxilary fire service, treating the flames c aused by incendiary bombs. Other people were trained as medical staff and nurses, who treated the bombing casualties.Those who did not do these were able to help in the form of volunteer work, moving debris and removing casualties from ruined buildings. Some even worked in catering, providing food and drink for those who had lost their homes. The actual feeling of the bombs was massive. People, who had lost their homes to the bombs were left to find a safe place for themselves. People often took shelter in the tube and train stations. These had cramped conditions and were cold with little or no sanitation. Some people even sullen to looting, taking any valubles they could find from the wreckages of houses so they could get money for food or shelter.Altogether, the points I have raised prove that the Blitz had an adverse effect on the lives of the people of Britain. People had to live in extremely harsh conditions, eat little, deal with death or the loss of their childeren to evac uation. Others had to deal with uncontrollable fires and happening counts, while some just dealt with the constant fear of being attacked. All this was to be done while keeping up morale, which truly shows how well the British adapted and persevered, not caving in to the Germans demoralisation tactics.

Analysis of Sporstwear

Case I. COMPETITION HITS SPORTSWEAR GROUPS PROFIT 1. Explain why the activewear industry in JJB operates may be considered an example of monopolistic rivalry. Textile Intelligence Reports in 2007 indicate that the UK athletic wear merchandise was estimated to have a measure out of ? 3. 65 bn (US$6. 72 bn) in 2006. The reason behind is that, purchase levels are high. Sportswear items are purchased by almost 90% of people under 35 years of age, and by 76% of the population as a whole according to the research.UK sportswear industry can be considered a monopolistic arguing in the sense that there are only about four leading sportswear retailers in the United Kingdom JJB Sports, Blacks Leisure. John David Group and Sports World. The dominating player in the market is JJB sportswear given the number of outlets and stores it operates 450 stores, the closest is JDB by around 300 stores. Given the wide gap, JJB at some guide on has get the hang of the control of the entire market c hanges and distri exception and posed a barrier of entry. pic Illustration from http//www. ized. co. uk/current/leisure/2004_5/111004_map. htm Given the above, characteristic of a monopolistic competition exist in this industry. The characteristic of monopolistic market is further expanded on Question 2. In this case of UK sportswear market structure is a pure monopoly. on that point are quite a number of sellers in the industry and therefore many close product substitutes in existence but nevertheless staunchs like JJB retain some market power. 2. How does the monopolistic market structure exemplified in the article differ from completed competition?Below are two comparable sets that differentiate monopolistic market from perfect competition utter(a) competition Monopolistic competition Many sellers unmarried seller Each firm is relatively small compared to the all overall size of the Monopoly exists when a specific firm has sufficient market/industry market.This prov ides assurance that no single firm can gain control control over a particular product or service and able to determine over hurt or quantity of the entire market or industry. If one firm significantly the terms of quality and price by which all buyers willing decides to increase its output or shut production, the market is have access to similar to JJB case unaffected. The market price does not transfer and there is no distinct change in the quantity purchased or exchanged in the industry. Identical / homogeneous products sold by all firms Unique product Each firm in a short agonistic market sells an identical For a monopoly to exits, there should be a unique product. Monopoly product, they are not perfectly the same but the buyers will not lacks in providing a practicable substitute goods. distinguish any difference.Each competitive firm produces a good that is a perfect substitute for the product of every other firm in the same industry. wrong Taker A s a result not one can control market price.If one tries to charge a higher price, then buyers would immediately switch to other cheaper Price Maker- competitor goods that are perfect substitutes. Since there is no competition, prices are set to maximize profits. However in order to increase sales, prices are reduced by the firm. Low-Entry/Exit Barriers High Barriers of Entry/Exit There are no restrictions, government regulations. Each can do a There is an assurance of sufficient control and dominant presence due start-up hail according to their own resources as recollective as their outputto a number of assorted reasons for barriers to entry (a) required can perfectly compete and apprehension competitors quality and price. government license or franchise as monopoly is often times regulated (b) existing patents and copyrights and (c) high start-up court involve Perfect Information Specialized Information As mentioned in point 2, one firm cannot sell its goo d at a higher commonly characterized by control of information. Monopolistic firm price than other firms.This follows that buyers are completely awareheld exclusively information like a secret recipe, statute or unique of sellers prices. Each firm also has complete information about the method or technology or production which is often protect by prices charged by other sellers. This means that it would be unlikely patents, copyrights, or trademarks. This also creates legal barriers for them to charge less than the current market price. Perfect to entry. knowledge also extends to technology.All perfectly competitive firms have access to the same production techniques. There is a remote possibility that a competitive firm can produce its output faster, better, or cheaper because of special knowledge of information. Nicholson, Walter (2005) pic Also, For a competitive firm, price equals marginal cost. P = MR = MC For a monopoly firm, price exceeds marginal cost . P MR = MC 3. In the great run, are firms better off operating in monopolistic competition or in perfectly competitive markets? Long-run effects of increasing competition in the monopolistically competitive industry In the long run, a monopolistically competitive firm will trade name zero economic profit. However, due to influence in the market it can most of the time raises prices without losing customers but to deflect new entrants, it can lower its prices and supplement on customer loyalty.This means that a firm making profits in the short run will break even in the long run because demand will decrease and average total cost will increase. Also means that a monopolistic firms demand curve is down sloping, in contrast to perfect competition, which has a perfectly elastic demand schedule. See illustration in item 2. Long-run position of a firm in a perfectly competitive industry In the long run positive profit can not be sustained as there is always arrival of new firms or ex pansion of existing competitive firms.This causes the demand curve of individual firm to shift down hold and prices to go downward as well. This means that at the same time the average revenue and marginal revenue curve also points downward. Bottom line, in the long run similar to monopolistically competitive industry, the firms in perfect competition in the long run will also make a normal profit. The level demand curve will touch its average total cost curve at its lowest point Conclusion When the long-run average cost exceeds long-run marginal cost, JJBs output is not at the minimum point on long-run average cost curve.JJB can sell sportswear at a lower price in the long run and by taking advantage of economies of scale, such as price discounts. Therefore is not much difference between monopolistically competitive firms vs. Long-run position of a firm in a perfectly competitive industry. The difference lies mainly on the product (homogenous vs. unique) and influence in the marke t. 4. JJB states that their profit margins were hit by a vigorous promotional campaign launched in October and a Christmas/New Year sale.Illustrate how the promotional campaign is likely to affect their profit margins. Before the promotional campaign pic Similar to a competitive firm, a monopoly maximizes profit by producing the quantity at which marginal cost and marginal revenue are equal Above graph is the scenario of JJB prior to price promotional campaign to ward off growing competition. After the promotional price campaign pic During the promotional campaign, the price maybe less than average cost causing the decline in JBBs profit. This gives no incentive for JJB to reduce cost.References McTaggart, Findlay and Parkin (2007), Economics (5th ed. ) Pearson Education Australia Publisher Nicholson, Walter (2005) Microeconomic Theory Basic Principles and Extensions 9th edition, Ceneage Learning India Pvt Ltd Publisher PERFECT COMPETITION, CHARACTERISTICS, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, Online, operational http//www. AmosWEB. com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2009. Accessed September 12, 2009 MONOPOLY, CHARACTERISTICS, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, Online, Available http//www. AmosWEB. com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2009. Accessed September 12, 2009 Antony Davies & Thomas Cline (2005). A Consumer Behavior Approach to Modeling Monopolistic Competition. Journal of Economic Psychology 26 797826 pic Average Total cost e d pic c Marginal Revenue Marginal cost Demand Revenue Costs and 0 QMAX meter Total cost Average Price Demand Price 0 Quantity of Output Price 0 Monopolists Demand slue Competitive Firms Demand Curve Demand Quantity of Output Average total cost Marginal cost Demand Price Loss 0 Quantity Price Promotion Total cost Average Profit

Love is Ephemeral

So much of what we do is lost and quickly forgotten, even by ourselves. In the short story, one(a) of His Good Days, by Laurence Hill, defines the idea that love is ephemeral. Love is a bond between mortal beings. But what happens when that bond is broken because of an illness? drive out you love someone and not be in love with them? To prove this, the author uses the literary technique known as tone to show the commentator how the characters feel about their situation they are In. Another literary technique the author uses to demonstrate the theme Is characterization.Hill uses horizontally in the story by display the actions of the characters. Therefore, Hill uses the literary techniques of tone and characterization to develop the controlling idea that love is ephemeral. Hill uses tone to show the reader how Charlotte emotions get In the commission of her love for Francis. Love is a dark and intangible feeling that can expose its targets to danger, pain and suffering. After the car accident that Francis had, Charlotte was taking care of him and was nurturing him In any way she could. But it came to a point when Charlotte realized she was no longer his wife and only a caregiver to him.And thats when her love died for Francis. For instance, Francis privations her to stay ground-floor with him for the night when she responds, l want to sleep. Havent slept in a month. She had hardness to her voice that he hadnt heard before he tried to look in her eyes. She turn her head away. (9). Charlotte found it suffocating to be around Francis twenty four seven looking after him as If he was a baby. She was tired and reached her limit, which Is wherefore she couldnt look at him any longer. And when she did look at him, she would stare at him with eyes like empty saucers. ). It was not only Francis who was suffering, but Charlotte to, and she did not want the love for her husband to have a dark and miserable end. Hill uses characterization of Charlotte to demonstrate how diminishing health in the elderly, establishes leads to marital estrangement. Charlotte personality changes from warm and loving to cold and removed due to her husbands worsening health. First, Charlotte does everything In her power to ensure her husbands well being, she cooked for him and lifted him onto the toilet and got up four times a night for him (9).Charlotte character changes throughout the story. She starts to see her spouse more as a burden than a husband. Charlotte is exhausted and leaves her husband in the hospitals care. Charlotte visits became fewer and fewer. At first, she visited him twice a day, then once a day, then a few times a week, and lately, once a week (9). It was as If she no longer knew him. Charlotte marriage with her husband has failed due to his recurring disease. People Judge others when they find out a spouse have dropped of the other at the entrance of a hospital or nursing home. But at what cost?

Child Labour Essay

Lots has been said about nipper travail and in these reports there be attractly stated concerns about the set up of tike parturiency on pip-squeakrens academic performance and its long run impact on forgiving capital development. Situations where churlren of crop going grow ar occupied in active influence, does it at the expense of civilize. The situation existed even before Ghana attained her independence in 1957. Gener totallyy, attendance grade for males ar higher than that of females but the differences be minimal be draw they all are geared towards the downfall of society. Often there is a mismatch among school calendar or timet adequate to(p) and kin duties (e.g. fetching water, collecting firewood, cooking, caring for younger siblings and sick family members) resulting in some shaverren not being able to attend school. In Ghana the cooperative effort of the government, voluntary boardncies and international nongoverngenial organizations (NGOs) have employ ed their resources into improving the lot of electric shaverren curiously in northern Ghana.The objectives of the UNs MDG compact, which are reflected in the original privation reduction proposals of Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy, take ond raising the access of all the nations children and youth to a delimit minimum of basic nurture, irrespective of the scotch circumstances of their parents or guardians. boor labourers lack concentration in class, end up producing bad results which could lead to school drop outs. One of the immediate consequences is streetism, a spear header of E. Sutherlands Differential Association- a process whereby deviance or crime is learned from others. This negative phenomenon puts the Ghanaian society in a pathological state since the impact will be an astronomical increase in crime rate.There is the take aim for further interventions if this paradox of child labour would be reduced to the barest minimum in Ghana and especially in the contain part. The impact of this phenomenon is diversified in nature and need multi-faceted solutions.In light of the above copes the problem of child labour in the study area needs to be given more than attention. Though a lot of studies have been conducted about the problem it still persists. In order to address it there is the need to have a clear understanding of the nature, ca aims and trends of child labour. The effects of child labour on childrens academic performance calls for further investigations.Research QuestionsIn view of the above discussion, cardinal questions are posed which the study will seek to address What child labour is and how widespread is the phenomenon of child labour in Madina? Which eventors influence familys ratiocination to subject the child to break in the study area? How does child labour partake childrens academic performance in the study area? How can the problem be addressed by different stakeholders?Objectives of the studyThe broad objectiv e of this study is to investigate and understand the dynamics of child labour, prise the extent to which it has affected childrens academic performance in the study area and to propose polity recommendations to improve gentlemans gentleman capital development which is a divulge to national development.The specific objectives of the study include the following To examine what child labour is and how widespread the phenomenon of child labour is in Madina. Some factors that behave child labour in the study area. The effects of child labour on academic performance in the study area. To give recommendations to inform policy to mitigate the activities of child labour.HYPOTHESISThe higher the engagement in child labour, the poorer you perform academically.Theoretical Frame accomplishmentTheory on Child advertise everyplace the years m either theoretical perspectives of child labour have been propounded. Some of the more common models which try to explain child labour are the folk b argaining models. Bargaining models may be of two distinct kinds, depending on who the agents involved i n the bargaining are. Intra-household bargaining models whose important agenda is ofttimes not child labour but general household behaviour assume that the bargaining occurs in spite of appearance the family amongst parents and the child (children). Solutions to these models usually specify that a childs labour supply depends on the adult wages and childs wage that prevail on the market. In the extra household approach, it is assumed that children have negligible bargaining power in households, and are basically an legal document for the parents maximization of utility. These models usually treat employers and parents of the children as the two principal(prenominal) factors involved in the bargaining process.These models- especially the extra-household bargaining model sharply contrast with altruist models of child labour, in which the parents are altruistically concerned with the childs welfare. Furthermore, the altruistic class of models is differentiated from bargaining models, as they assume multiple equilibriums. Foremost among the altruistic models is presented in Basu and Van (1998), which provides a frame lap for look into how child labour and adult labour are interdependent in economic practise and under what conditions child labour emerges in the labour market. The main determineings in their paper are inbredly derived from two axioms referred to as the highlife and Substitution axioms, respectively. Luxury Axiom A family sends the children to the labour market only if the familys income from non-child labour sources drops below the subsistence level. Substitution Axiom Child labour and adult labour are substitutes from a firms point of view.Basu and Van (1998) assign that there exist two multiple equilibriums in which (1) both adults and children work with low wages (bad equilibrium) and (2) only adults work with high wages ( nifty equilibrium). At the good equilibrium in which adult wages are above the subsistence level, parents have no incentive to send children to work according to the Luxury Axiom. In contrast, when the economy stays at the bad equilibrium in which adult wages are below the subsistence level, adults have to send children to work to draw the household. In this model, a household resource is the important factor in the de marginination of child labour.Other models exploring multiple equilibriums have looked at the relationship between child labour and social norms, and overly at the question of income redistribution. The dynamic consequences of child labour are likely to be significant since an increase in child labour frequently causes a decline in the acquisition of human capital. The issue of child labour in Ghana and in Madina of the Ga-East rule in particular lends itself to the bad economy explanations that compel parents to send their children out to work to supplement family income . The theoretical underpinning of this study is on the Substitution Axiom where children work to supplement the in fitted income of the family. This from the functionalist point of view, child labour has a function to perform for the survival of the family.Theory on Academic performanceA kwon thesis we can talk about is Martin Fords motivational systems theory (MST). This framework focuses on the singular as the unit of analysis, but lodges the individual in the biological, social, and environmental contexts that are crucial to development. MST approachs to describe the development of the whole person-in-context, in much the same way a biologist might describe an individual plant and its relation to its immediate ecological niche, as well as the fully grownr ecosystems in which it resides (Pintrich & Schunk, 1996). Ford proposed a simple mathematical decree that attempts to give all these factors in one model. The formula for effective person-in-context functioning isAchieveme nt = (Motivation x Skill ) x Responsive Environment Biological StructureThe formula proposes that actual achievement and competence are the products of a motivated, skillful, and biologically capable person interacting with a responsive environment (Ford, 1992, p.70). The motivational systems theory does not attempt to replace whatsoever of the existing theories. Instead, it attempts to organize the various motivational constructs from different theories into one model. The main constructs are self-efficacy beliefs, the role of expectancy, and goal orientation. The formula suggests that in any(prenominal) behaviour episode, there are four major prerequisites for effective functioning1. The person must(prenominal) have the motivation needed to initiate and maintain the activity until the goal directing the episode is attained.2. The person must have the skill necessary to construct and execute a pattern of activity that will suffer the desired result.3. The persons biological str ucture and functioning must be able to support the operation of the motivation and skill components.4. The person must have the cooperation of a responsive environment that will facilitate progress towards the goal (Ford, 1992).Thus, how students deal with their studies or attain their academic goals and how they cope with or save different tasks given to them by their teachers does not depend solely on their biological disposition but has social or environmental contributions. This could be in the form of an achievement motivation or sociocultural factors such as family background, teaching skills and accessibility.Other theory like the individual difference theory also explains academic performance. Individual difference in academic performance has been linked to differences in intelligent and personality. Students with higher mental ability as demonstrated by IQ tests (quick learners) and those who are higher in conscientiousness (linked to effort and achievement motivation) ten d to achieve highly in academic settings.A young meta-analysis suggested that mental curiosity (as measured by typical intellectual engagement) has an important influence on academic performance in addition to intelligence and conscientiousness.The above frameworks picture a relationship between child labour and academic performance.LITERATURE REVIEWThere is no single universally accepted definition of child labour. Child labour is regarded as a social construct which differs by actors, history, context and purpose (Weston, 2005). There are differences in what constitute child labour. For example, the domain Bank describes child labour as a serious threat from the pointof view of the harm it can do to long term national coronation (Weston, 2005). The ILO relates the phenomenon to the harm done to children by their current engagement in certain types of economic activity. UNICEF emphasizes that the issue goes way beyond the concerns of investment or its relation to economic activ ity, and includes several aspects of domestic work which conflicts with the best interest of the child (Huebler, 2006).There are many dimensions and views of the phenomenon but much emphasis will be placed on the International work Organisation (ILO) and United Nations Childrens Funds (UNICEF) views on the subject.The UNICEF Concept and exposition of Child LabourUNICEF has expanded the ILO definition of child labour by emphasizing the importance of domestic work by children, that is, in addition to economic work. UNICEF defines child labour as follows Children 5 -11 years act in any economic activity, or 28 hours or more domestic work per week Children 12-14 years engaged in any economic activity ( withdraw light work for less than 14 hours per week), or 28 hours or more domestic work per week Children 15-17 years engaged in any dangerous work.The UNICEF definition has the advantage of theoretically capturing all work that children do. The definition of UNICEF provides a good in dicator of child labour that is catastrophic to a childs physical or mental development. However, it is of limited value for an analysis of the trade -off between work and school attendance.The ILO Concept and Definition of Child LabourThe ILO concept of child labour is derived from the ILO Minimum Age pattern No. 138 of 1973, which sets 15 years as the general minimum age for employment. Any work in violation of Convention No. 138 is considered illegal child labour that should be eliminated. ILO introduces a distinction between child work, which may be acceptable, and child labour, which needs to be eliminated. In this regard, four groups of children engaged in work/labour are identified Children at workChildren engaged in child labour, including all economically active children 5 to 11 years of age economically active children aged 12 to 14 years, except those doing light work only for less than 14 hours per week and, children aged 15 to 17 years engaged in any type of hazardous work.Children in hazardous work, that is, work that will likely harm the health, safety, or moral development of a child. In addition to children on the job(p) in mines, verbal expression or other hazardous activities, this group includes all children below 18 years of age who work 43 hours or more per week.Children in plane worst forms of child labour, as defined by ILO Convention No. 182.This includes children in forced or bonded labour, armed conflict, prostitution and pornography, and illicit activities. There are two points to note in this view of the ILO. Firstly, the first group covers activities that might be regarded as positive from an ILO perspective. The second and third groups cover child labour that deserves to be eliminated, and the fourth group requires an urgent action for elimination. Children under five years of age who are not included in these four groups are generally considered too young to be working. Secondly, the ILO definition covers only economic acti vity, that is, work related to the production of goods and services. Domestic work such as cooking, cleaning, or caring for children is ignored. The major criticism of this definition is that it is narrow as it underestimates the burden of work on children, especially for girls, who are more likely than boys to perform work in a household (Gibbons, Huebler, and Loaiza, 2005).Operational Definition of Child LabourFor the purpose of this study, child labour is defined as any activity, economic or non -economic, performed by a child, that is either too dangerous or hazardous and/or for which the child is too small to perform and that has the potential to negatively affect his/her health, education, moral and normal development.ACADEMIC PERFORMANCEThe variable academic performance could also be definition specific. For example from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Academic achievement or (academic) performance is the outcome of education the extent to which a student, teacher or ins titution has achieved their educational goals.Academic achievement is commonly measured by examinations or continuous assessment but there is no general agreement on how it is best tested or which aspects are most important adjective knowledge such as skills or declarative knowledge such as facts. In California, academic achievement is measured by the Academic feat Index. However, in Ghana academic performance is measured by the record of marks or grades obtained after a test or an examinations.History of Child LabourChild labour is not a just discovered phenomenon. It has existed in every part of the world since ancient times. In more recent history, it emerged as an issue during the industrial revolution when children were forced to work in dangerous conditions for up to 12 hours a day. In 1860, 50% of children in England between the age of 5 and 15 years were working. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children.In 1919, the world began to address the issue of child labour and the International Labour Organisation (ILO) choose standards to eliminate it. Throughout the 20th Century, a number of legally binding agreements and international conventions were adopted but in spite of these, child labour continues to this day. The highest number of child labourers is in the Asia Pacific country but the largest percentage of children working, as proportion of the child population, is found in sub-Saharan Africa.Child labour is still common in some parts of the world, it can be factory work, mining, prostitution, quarrying, agriculture, helping in the parents business, having ones own small business (for example selling food), or doing odd jobs. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with legal transfer in business for shops and restaurants (where they may also work as waiters).In Ghana, which Madina is no exception, most child labour occurs in the informal sector, it includes selling many things on the streets and in market places such as ice water, chewing gums, poly sacks, sobolo, door mats, kerosene, scrubs, etc.Causes of Child LabourPoverty is the main determinant of child labour supply, and that child labour significantly increases the income and the probability of survival of the family. Basu and Van (1998) argue that the primary cause of child labour is parental scantiness. That being so, they caution against the use of a legislative ban against child labour, and argue that it should be used only when there is intellectual to believe that a ban on child labour will cause adult wages to rise and so compensate adequately the households of the poor children. The contribution of children is most of the time critical since children are sent to work when parents earnings are insufficient to guarantee the survival of the family, or are insecure so that child labour is used as a means of minimizing the impact of possible job loss, failed ha rvest and other shocks on the familys income stream.Poorhouseholds also tend to have more children, and with large families there is a greater likelihood that children will work and have lower school attendance and completion. ILO (2006) observes that while destitution is almost always a context for the early entry of children into regular work and into child labour, poverty can also be a function of access to labour markets and income-raising activities, family members of working age not having appropriate skills to match market needs in the area where they live, family members low educational levels, unemployment in the area where the family lives, conflict, illness or lifelike disaster having taken away the breadwinner of the family leaving a dependent household with no-one to depend on.. Many children live in areas that do not have adequate school facilities, so they are compelled to work.Odonkor (2007) claims rural parents should rather be seen as people dissatisfied with the education system than as illiterates ignorant of the value of education. The results of a study conducted confirmed that because of the low quality of education, difficulties in access and also the uncertainty of finding an adequate job after graduation, parents have true a coping strategy by which they send some of their children to school and the others help in fishing, farming or other economic activities. Where education is mandatory, on hand(predicate) and understood as important, the proportion of child labour is lower.Poverty may not be the main cause but certainly an important cause that influences a lot in child labour. Why would a child prefer to fall an education or go to school when staying in work can make him eat on that day? Or even worse, not even have the opportunity of choice between attending schools or work (UNICEF, 2008).EFFECTS OF CHILD LABOURharmonize to a research conducted by the ILOs 2002 global estimates on child labour, close to half of all working ch ildren are enrolled in school. Child labour interferes with education. Either school attendance is foregone in favour of work, or learning is inefficient, either because the children are not allowed to spend time doing their homework or because they are unable to pay proper attention in school because of fatigue (Canagarajah, & Nielsen, 1999). UNICEFs study in Ghana and a review of similar studies by the ILO have shown that work has a detrimental effect on learning achievements in the key areas of language and mathematics.Heady (2003)also found that working children in Ghana spent an average of one hour per week less in school. According to Gibbons et al (2003) child labour is associated with higher repetition and dropout rates. Child labour competes with school attendance and proficiency, children sent to work do not accumulate (or under-accumulate) human capital, missing the opportunity to enhance their productivity and future earnings capacity. This lowers the wage of their futur e families, and increases the probability of their offspring being sent to work. In this way poverty and child labour is passed on from generation to generation. Child labour not only prevents children from acquiring the skills and education they need for a better future, it also perpetuates poverty and affects national economies through losses in competitiveness, productivity and potential income.(ILO, 2006) demonstrate that early entry into the labour force reduces lifetime earnings by 13 -20 per cent, increasing significantly the probability of being poor later in life. There is a general agreement that some trade-off between children in labour and human capital accumulation takes place. With respect to school attendance and progress, full-time jobs have the worst impact on childrens future productivity. odd-job(prenominal) jobs, especially those that are physically very demanding, also disrupt education since children are too tired to participate adequately at school activities or to study at home. The age of entry into the labour force is also important in this context the younger the child enters the labour force, the less human capital he/she will be able to accumulate. Child labour seriously undermines efforts to provide children with the necessary st knowledge and skills to meet the challenges of the 21 Century. The long term effect of child labour on the nation is enormous and need to be addressed.Efforts in addressing the problem of child labourGhanas Labour Laws and Regulations prohibit child labour, putting the minimum age of employment at 15 in consonance with ILO Standards and Regulations. Ghana has also ratified the OAU Charter on the Rights of the Child. The Constitution guarantees the child in Ghana to be protected from engaging in any work that is considered injurious to his or her health, education and/or development. The governing enacted, in December 1998, the Childrens Act, which seeks to protect the justs of children, including the r ight of education, health and shelter. The establishment of the Ghana National Commission on Children (GNCC) under the Ministry of Women and Childrens Affairs (MOWAC) in 2001 was also to oversee the welfare and development of children, and to coordinate services which would aim at promoting the rights of the child. Poverty is considered a major determinant of child labour in Ghana.To lessen the effect of poverty on the Ghanaian child there was the need of policy interventions by the government. Over the years, Ghana has developed several poverty reduction strategies and one of such strategies is the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy for 2006 through 2009 (GPRS II) is to achieve the status of a middle-income economy by the year 2015 within a decentralized democratic environment characterized by an increase in per capita income and an improvement in living standards (Republic of Ghana 20055). The GPRS II indicated that priority will be given to special programmes to combat the wor st forms of child labour under which the government is implementing the Livelihood Empowerment against Poverty (LEAP) programme to support families to fight against child labour. To qualify for the LEAP programme, all the household children of school age should be enrolled in schools and that no child should be trafficked or is engaged in any of the worst forms of labour.The ILO has been campaigning to end child labour since the organization was founded in 1919. The ILO doctrine on child labour states that labour carried out by children of 15 years or younger under conditions which stifle their physical, psychological and intellectual development must be eliminated. Today, the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) is the ILOs main instrument on child labour. These conventions, applies to all sectors of economic activity. The ILOs ongoing offensive against child labour includes a technical cooperation programme designed to help countries material body up a permanent capacity to add ress the problem. Launched in 1992, the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) fosters the development of an effective coalition between government services, employers organizations, trade unions, non-governmental organizations and other concerned parties including universities and members of the media.As early as 1921, the ILO passed the first Minimum Age Convention, the world has attempted to protect childrens right to an education and to prevent any child labour which would prejudice their school attendance.(Gibbons et al, 2003). Since 1990, with the entry into force of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the childs right to be protected from any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the childs education (Article 32) and his or her right, on an equal, nondiscriminatory nucleotide to primary education compulsory and available free to all (Article 28) have gained the status of internationally recognised norms, while imposing an obligation on the 192 states parties to the Convention to realise these rights for the children under their jurisdiction.In the year 2000, children were provided further protection through the entry into force of ILO Convention 182, which was ratified by 150 countries as of may 2004. Convention 182 prohibits the worst forms of child labour, defined as all forms of slavery and similar practices child prostitution and pornography illicit activities (in particular the production and trafficking of drugs) and work that is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of children.The International Labour Organizations International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) was created in 1992 with the overall goal of the progressive elimination of child labour, which was to be achieved through strengthening the capacity of countries to deal with the problem and promoting a worldwide bm to combat child labour. IPEC currently has operations in 88 countries, with an annual expend iture on technical cooperation projects that reached over US$61 million in 2008. It is the largest programme of its kind globally and the biggest single operational programme of the ILO.The number and range of IPECs partners have expanded over the years and now include employers and workers organizations, other international and government agencies, private businesses, community-based organizations, NGOs, the media, parliamentarians, the judiciary, universities, religious groups and, of course, children and their families. All these interventions by government and NGOs are geared towards finding solutions to the child labour problem.Challenges in addressing the problemFirstly, assuming a successful reduction in child labour both in the formal and informal economy, this notion relies crucially on the fact that lower child labour means higher schooling, which is not at all automatic. According to UNICEF (2006), to succeed in eliminating child labour, schools must be available, reacha ble and affordable for poor families. Schools must be of sufficiently good quality, and the curricula must be of practical help for the children living in a specific region and condition. Most importantly, school should be a safe and healthy place where to send schildren. Unfortunately this is not the case in ontogeny countries especially in Ghana and its inner cities like the study area. In the 2001 Ghana Child Labour Survey, in all the regions and for all age groups, the most frequent reason cited for non-attendance at school was nonaffordability by parents to cater for children.The next most frequently cited reasons were long distance of place of residence from school and children not being interested in school. Classrooms are often not available especially in the rural areas and city slums and where they exist they are not in good constrain and therefore not conducive enough for academic work. Both parents and pupils need to see the fruits of education from those who have pass ed through the school system to serve as a source of motivation for those in school and those yet to enroll. Low returns to education have made education less attractive for many parents. This has especially been the case in rural areas, where formal education makes very little difference given limited formal sector opportunities and most skills are acquired by the learning by doing principle. Child labour is perceived as a process of socialization in many countries and it is believed that working enables a child to get acquainted with employable skills.Lessons from the LiteratureFrom the available literature it is evidently clear that the issue of child labour is real but the problem with it in Africa is the approachability of reliable data spelling out the magnitude of the problem. Several factors account for child labour in our society and they include the following poverty, single parenting, bluff ignorance on the part of some parents and socio-cultural beliefs. From the data reviewed, poverty has been a major determinant of child labour in Ghana and in most developing countries. The vast majority of the children are engaged in agricultural related activities. The problem in the developing world and Ghana in particular is more rural than urban.Some rural dwellers regard child labour as part of a training programme for children. Working children are also considered essential contributors to household incomes. However, our group attempts to translate or research further on how the phenomenon affects academic performance in Madina- a society which hosts two dominant Religions(Christianity and Islam) and mixed as wellThe solution to the problem does not lie only in the enactment of laws but also in empowering individuals economically to be able to provide education to their children ( Basu, 1998). Human capital is one of the keys to reducing poverty. Education opens up opportunities for better health and better nutrition. This is because education normally leads to higher income and greater access to social benefits, as well as greater productivity. Indeed education is central to all aspects of the impact of population and poverty. Therefore, in trying to find a solution to the problem, there is the need for a multifaceted approach taking into consideration the religious and cultural backgrounds.REFERENCESBasu, K, (1998). Child Labour Cause, Consequence and Cure, with Remarks on International Labor Standards.Heady, C, (2000). What is the effect of child labour on learning achievement? Evidence from Ghana. Innocenti Working Papers, no. 79.ILO, (2005). Facts on Child Labour,Geneva.Kumekpor, T.K.B, (2002). Research Methods and Techniques of neighborly Research, Son life Press and services AccraRepublic of Ghana (1992). The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana. UNICEF, (2004). The State of the Worlds Children New York..

Argument Essay : Fast Food Essay

Directions Turn off the Track Changes feature. Copy your edited draft (from above). cattle ranch it below and highlight it. Then in the Review tab, find the Changes group and select Accept All Changes from the Accept drop-down menu (if you are using Microsoft 2003, on the Reviewing toolbar click Accept Change). Sign the honor statement below. Then, open your Argument Essay Rubric and copy and paste it after the honor statement . keep open the changes to this document. Use the link provided in Blackboard to submit this document to your instructor.The instructor should then be able to see the entire process you took to create your nett draft. Over the last three decades, disruptive diet has infiltrated every nook and cranny of American society, writes Eric Schlosser in Fast Food Nation. In the beginning, the fast food restaurant started with a cafeteria-style restaurant known as the Automat in New York on July 7, 1912. Then, in 1921, White Castle restaurants were started in Wichit a, Kansas, selling hamburgers for five cents.By 1948, McDonalds was opened by two brothers from Nashua, New Hampshire, who developed the concept of selling hamburgers, French fries, shakes, coffee, and coca cola in disposable wrappings. So from its humble beginnings, the fast food industry has become an undeniable factor in our society. Certainly, with our ever increasing and busy society, eating at fast food restaurants has become the norm. Families that take hold busy schedules, such as taking their kids to various activities, attending church functions, and late meetings rely heavily on fast food as a meal choice.For example, about one-quarter of adults and a third of children eat at fast food restaurants on any given day. According to the American Journal of normal Health, consumers have spent $16. 1 billion in 1975 to $153. 1 billion in 2004 on fast food. Consequently, the nutritional value of fast food has been trammel due to the usage of pre-processed foods. Commonly, pre- processed foods are delivered to restaurants frozen, canned, dehydrated, or freeze-dried. Unfortunately, the higher calorie, fat, and sugar content these pre-processed foods contain, could potentially lead to a high levels of obesity in adults and children.However, in comparing one fast food meal with 1,680 calories to one home cooked meal with 546 calories, which choice would be better? Most of all, each individual must insure that making the appropriate nutritional choice, is his or her responsibility. Particularly, parents need to monitor luck sizes that are given to their children, and in the same manner, adults also need to monitor their portion sizes.Monitoring portion sizes can help eliminate the onset of obesity in children and adults. Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation states, the typical American now consumes around three hamburgers and four orders of French fries every week. Clearly, it is evident that the fast food industry has been an undeniable factor in our society since its humble beginnings. Principally, it is up to us, individually, to eliminate unhealthy habits that will affect us and our families in an adverse manner. Most important, the Bible gives us a foundational break to follow to be healthy.That foundational key is My son, do not forget my law, but let your heart keep my commands for length of days and long life it will be health to your flesh, and susceptibility to your bones. (Proverbs 31-2, 8 (NKJV)) Works Cited Austin, Bryn. Clustering of Fast-Food Restaurants Around Schools A Novel Application of Spatial Statistics to the Study of Food Environments American Journal of everyday Health Volume 95, number 9. September (2005) 1575 1581 Fast Food Restaurant.Wikipedia. 11 March 2011, 19 March 2011http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fast_food_restaurant Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation. Massachusetts. Houghton Mifflin, 2001.

Summary of Rizal

Republic Act No. 1425, known as theRizal justness, man understands altogether educational institutions in thePhilip ensnareesto offer feed ins just aboutJose Rizal. The full name of the impartiality isAn Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities Courses On the Life, Works and Writings ofJose Rizal, Particularly His NovelsNoli Me TangereandEl Filibusterismo, Authorizing the publish and Distribution Thereof, and for Other Purposes.The measure was strongly opposed by the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines due to the anti-clerical themes inNoli Me TangereandEl Filibusterismo. SenatorClaro M. Rectowas the main prop unitynt of the past Rizal Bill. He sought to sponsor the bill at Congress. However, this was met with stiff showdown from the Catholic Church. During the1955 Senate election, the church charged Recto with being a communist and an anti-Catholic.After Rectos election, the Church go on to oppose the bill mandating t he recitation of Rizals novelsNoli Me TangereandEl Filibusterismo, claiming it would violatefreedom of conscienceandreligion. 1 In the campaign to oppose the Rizal bill, the Catholic Church urged its adherents to write to their congressmen and senators showing their opposition to the bill later, it organized symposiums. In one of these symposiums, Fr. Jesus Cavanna argued that the novels belonged to the past and that teaching them would misrepresent current conditions.Radio commentator Jesus Paredes also said that Catholics had the right to disapprove to scan them as it would endanger their salvation. 1 Groups such as Catholic Action of the Philippines, theCongregation of the Mission, theKnights of Columbus, and the Catholic Teachers Guild organized opposition to the bill they were countered by Veteranos de la Revolucion (Spirit of 1896), Alagad in Rizal, the Freemasons, and theKnights of Rizal. The Senate Committee on Education sponsored a bill co-written by bothJose P.Laureland Recto, with the only opposition coming fromFrancisco Soc Rodrigo,Mariano Jesus Cuenco, andDecoroso Rosales. 2 TheArchbishop of Manila,Rufino Santos, protested in apastoral letterthat Catholic students would be affected if compulsory reading of the unexpurgated version were pushed through. 3Arsenio Lacson, Manilas mayor, who supported the bill, walked out of Mass when the priest read a circular from the archbishop denouncing the bill. 4 Rizal, according toCuenco, attacked dogmas, beliefs and practices of the Church.The assertion that Rizal limited himself to castigating undeserving priests and refrained from criticizing, ridiculing or putting in doubt dogmas of the Catholic Church, is absolutely gratuitous and misleading. Cuenco touched on Rizals defence of the existence ofpurgatory, as it was not found in the playscript, and that Moses and Jesus Christ did not mention its existence Cuenco concluded that a majority of the Members of this Chamber, if not all including our good fri end, the gentleman from Sulu believed in purgatory. 5The senator from Sulu, Domocao Alonto, attacked Filipinos who proclaimed Rizal as their national hero but seemed to despise what he had written, saying that theIndonesiansused Rizals books as their Bible on their independence movementPedro Lopez, who hails from Cebu, Cuencos province, in his support for the bill, reasoned out that it was in their province the independence movement started, whenLapu-LapufoughtFerdinand Magellan. 3 Outside the Senate, the Catholic schools threatened to tightly fitting down if the bill was passed Recto countered that if that happened, the schools would be nationalized.Recto did not believe the threat, stating that the schools were too profitable to be closed. 1The schools gave up the threat, but threatened to punish legislators in favor of the law in future elections. A compromise was suggested, to use the expurgated version Recto, who had supported the required reading of the unexpurgated version, declared The people who would eliminate the books of Rizal from the schools would discolouration out from our minds the memory of the national hero. This is not a fight against Recto but a fight against Rizal, adding that since Rizal is dead, they are attempting to suppress his memory. 6 On whitethorn 12, 1956, a compromise inserted by Committee on Education chairman Laurel that accommodated the objections of the Catholic Church was approven unanimously. The bill specified that only college (university) students would have the option of reading unexpurgated versions of clerically-contested reading material, such asNoli Me TangereandEl Filibusterismo. 136The bill was enacted on June 12, 1956,3Flag Day. - editContent TheNoliandFiliwere required readings for college students. Section 1 mandated that the students were to read the novels as they were written inSpanish, although a provision ordered that the Board of National Education create rules on how these should be applied. 5The last two sections were focused on making Rizals full treatment accessible to the general public the second section mandated the schools to have an adequate number of copies in their libraries, while the third ordered the board to publish the whole works in majorPhilippine languages. 5 - editAftermath After the bill was enacted into law, there were no recorded instances of students applying for exemption from reading the novels, and no known procedure for such exemptions. 6In 1994, PresidentFidel V. Ramosordered theDepartment of Education, Culture and Sportsto fully implement the law as there had been reports that it has still not been fully implemented. 7 The debate during the enactment of the Rizal Law has been compared to theReproductive Health bill(RH bill) debate of 2011. 8AkbayanrepresentativeKaka Bag-ao, one of the proponents of the RH bill, said, quoting the Catholic hierarchy, that More than 50 years ago, they said the Rizal Law violates the Catholics right to conscience a nd religion, interestingly, the aforesaid(prenominal) line of reasoning they use to oppose the RH bill. 9 - editReferences 1. abcdAbinales, Patricio N. Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State and society in the Philippines. Lanham, MarylandRowman & Littlefield. p. 187. ISBN978-0-7425-1024-1. 2. Cruz-Araneta, Gemma(2010-12-29). legislating Rizal, 1. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 2011-05-24. 3. abcdCruz-Araneta, Gemma(2010-12-29). Legislating Rizal, 2. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 2011-05-24. 4. Rodis, Rodel (2010-01-07). Global Networking The Rizal bill. Philippine occasional Inquirer. Retrieved 2011-06-12. 5. abcPangalangan, Raul (2010-12-31). The intense debate on the Rizal Law. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2011-05-24. 6. abcOcampo, Ambeth(2007-05-04). The fight over the Rizal Law. Philippine Daily Inquirer.Retrieved 2011-05-24. 7. Mr. Ramos leads Rizal Day rites. Manila Standard. 1994-12-29. Retrieved 2011-06-19. 8. Mendez, Christina (2011-05-23). JPE, Joker confident of compromi se on RH bill. Philippine Star. Retrieved 2011-05-24. 9. Jose Rizal new symbol of reproductive health rights? . ABS-CBNnews. com. 2011-06-01. Retrieved 2011-06-01. Jose Rizal A biographic Sketch BY TEOFILO H. MONTEMAYOR JOSE RIZAL, the national hero of the Philippines and pride of the Malayan race, was born on June 19, 1861, in the town of Calamba, Laguna.He was the seventh child in a family of 11 children (2 boys and 9 girls). Both his parents were educated and belonged to distinguished families. His father, Francisco Mercado Rizal, an industrious farmer whom Rizal called a model of fathers, came from Binan, Laguna while his mother, Teodora Alonzo y Quintos, a highly cultured and complete(a) woman whom Rizal called loving and prudent mother, was born in Meisic, Sta. Cruz, Manila. At the age of 3, he learned the alphabet from his mother at 5, while learning to read and write, he already showed inclinations to be an artist.He astounded his family and relatives by his pencil drawing s and sketches and by his moldings of clay. At the age 8, he wrote a Tagalog poem, Sa Aking Mga Kabata, the theme of which revolves on the love of ones language. In 1877, at the age of 16, he obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree with an average of excellent from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. In the same year, he enrolled in Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas, while at the same time took courses leading to the degree of surveyor and expert assessor at the Ateneo.He finished the latter course on blemish 21, 1877 and passed the Surveyors examination on May 21, 1878 but because of his age, 17, he was not granted license to practice the profession until December 30, 1881. In 1878, he enrolled in medicine at the University of Santo Tomas but had to stop in his studies when he felt that the Filipino students were being discriminated upon by their Dominican tutors. On May 3, 1882, he sailed for Spain where he continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid .On June 21, 1884, at the age of 23, he was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine and on June 19,1885, at the age of 24, he finished his course in Philosophy and Letters with a grade of excellent. Having traveled extensively in Europe, America and Asia, he mastered 22 languages. These allow Arabic, Catalan, Chinese, English, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Malayan, Portuguese, Russian, Sanskrit, Spanish, Tagalog, and other native dialects.A versatile genius, he was an architect, artists, businessman, cartoonist, educator, economist, ethnologist, scientific farmer, historian, inventor, journalist, linguist, musician, mythologist, nationalist, naturalist, novelist, opthalmic surgeon, poet, propagandist, psychologist, scientist, sculptor, sociologist, and theologian. He was an expert swordsman and a good shot. In the hope of securing semipolitical and brotherly reforms for his country and at the same time educate his countrymen, Rizal, the greatest apostle of Filipino nationalism, published, while in Europe, several works with highly nationalistic and revolutionary tendencies.In March 1887, his daring book, NOLI ME TANGERE, a satirical novel exposing the arrogance and despotism of the Spanish clergy, was published in Berlin in 1890 he reprinted in Paris, Morgas SUCCESSOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS with his annotations to prove that the Filipinos had a civilization worthy to be proud of even long before the Spaniards set foot on Philippine soil on September 18, 1891, EL FILIBUSTERISMO, his second novel and a sequel to the NOLI and more revolutionary and tragic than the latter, was printed in Ghent.Because of his fearless exposures of the injustices committed by the civil and clerical officials, Rizal provoked the rage of those in power. This led himself, his relatives and countrymen into trouble with the Spanish officials of the country. As a consequence, he and those who had contacts with him, were shadowed the authorities were n ot only finding faults but even fabricating charges to pin him down. Thus, he was imprisoned in Fort Santiago from July 6, 1892 to July 15, 1892 on a charge that anti-friar pamphlets were found in the luggage of his sister Lucia who arrive with him from Hong Kong.While a political exile in Dapitan, he engaged in agriculture, fishing and business he maintained and operated a hospital he conducted classes- taught his pupils the English and Spanish languages, the arts. The sciences, vocational courses including agriculture, surveying, sculpturing, and painting, as well as the art of self defense he did some researches and collected specimens he entered into correspondence with renowned men of letters and sciences afield and with the help of his pupils, he constructed water dam and a relief map of Mindanao both considered remarkable engineering feats.His sincerity and friendliness won for him the trust and impudence of even those assigned to guard him his good manners and warm person ality were found irresistible by women of all races with whom he had personal contacts his intelligence and obscureness gained for him the respect and admiration of prominent men of other nations while his undaunted courage and determination to uplift the welfare of his people were feared by his enemies.When the Philippine rotary motion started on August 26, 1896, his enemies lost no time in pressing him down. They were able to enlist witnesses that linked him with the revolt and these were never allowed to be confronted by him. Thus, from November 3, 1986, to the date of his execution, he was again committed to Fort Santiago. In his prison cell, he wrote an untitled poem, now known as Ultimo Adios which is considered a chef-doeuvre and a living document expressing not only the heros great love of country but also that of all Filipinos.After a scoff trial, he was convicted of rebellion, sedition and of forming illegal association. In the cold morning of December 30, 1896, Rizal, a man whose 35 years of life had been packed with varied activities which proved that the Filipino has capacity to equal if not excel even those who treat him as a slave, was shot at Bagumbayan Field.

Causes and Solutions for Crime Essay

Crime is a serious issue of more countries in the contemporary society in particular, the evil rate gradually increases annually in some sectors worldwide. at that place are two main causes and one solution of crime that will be illustrated in this article. The beginning cause is poverty, which is seemed to be the principal cause of crime. People cannot survive without food however, In some areas, the wretched do not have sufficient money to buy food or other necessities. The precisely way to maintain their lives is to steal or rob, which leads to crimes. The second reason is the violence from media. There are many films and teleplays including violence, which provides individuals negative influences. Some people want to emulate the hero in films therefore, they performance as the actors who set aside attributes in films, but these behaviors in reality is illegal.Especially, teenagers are easily to be affected and tend to imitate, so the crime rate of the young has raised annua lly. The authorities need to adopt necessary measures to resolve this problem. For poverty, it has to determine the gap between the poor and the rich, that is, the government should tax more from the rich and relieve the poor. For TV violence, video and film rating system need to be strictly implemented. Moreover, parents should supervise their children and restrict the time of ceremonial occasion TV. To conclude, poverty and TV violence are main reasons of crime. The authorities need to have efficient solutions such(prenominal) as tax balance policy and film rating system to decrease the rate of crime and defend their populace.Read more Crime Rate in India

Ciulla Essay

The scratch line attempt for the new chief executive officer of Stratton Oil federation is to address some of the issues and complaints received for different difficulties with Strattons offshore oil drilling rigs. On his first excursion, he visited a rig off the coast of Africa, dubbed the Voyager 7, and what he discovered is the oil rig is actually a small society, separate and distinct from the rest of the world.There are mevery facts for us to retain in this specific case, there is a very unfair treat between the two different employees in the Voyager 7, the first group are expatriates and the second group are Afri give the axe workers. The condition of sprightliness for both groups totally different. The expatriates are treated with mevery advantages in difference with the African workers. We can take a shit different questions in this case, how an international organization is obligated to treat employees from different countries, what kind of policies are applicable to this case.I would like to say that there is nothing more important than treating everyone equally, this class of Ethical Consideration, is digest on teach us about ethic and moral principles that are applied at any place or organization. Human being is loosing the values, but we have to be ruled by the word of God and there are principles to use to work according the mercy and love for others, Jesus called us for the sake of others, this is our first mission and I have to consider that we can work at any place in the market but I cant forget that first I am a Christian and I have to do everything for the sake of others. This is the only way we can transform a society and transform what is around us.

Roe V Wade and Doe V Bolton

Justin Frazer Dr. Bryce Jones BSAD 234 4/10/13 Abortion is a hot debate topic. So naturally, it has generated many a(prenominal) disputes and court subject areas. Two of the most famous and definitive court cases regarding abortion are hard roe v Wade and get-up-and-go v Bolton. some(prenominal) of these cases were ruled on at the same time. both cases provideed in landmark decisions that would change how many stirs were allowed to regulate abortion. These notions also help put into view the dividing line between law and morals. roe v Wade Jane roe was actually a pseudonym for the plaintiff, Norma McCorvey. She utilize this for protection and also to emphasize that she was fighting for all pregnant women. The defendant was Henry Wade, district attorney for Dallas County, Texas. McCorveys claim was that the Texas abortion law, passed in 1859, violated her constitutional counterbalances. Backstory Norma McCorvey, age 21, became pregnant in 1969. She did not want to conti nue with her motherhood, as her marriage had failed and her first daughter was in the care of her mother and stepfather.As previously articulated, Texas passed a law in 1869 preventing all abortion, excluding cases in which the womans keep was in danger. She met Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee, devil attorneys who were interested in changing the abortion law. There were both issues standing in the way McCorvey faculty not have standing because the abortion law lonesome(prenominal) applied to women who performed abortions, not to those who needed them. The game issue was if she passed the point in her pregnancy where it was safe to perform an abortion, the case would become irrelevant.Their argument in a previous case, Griswold v Connecticut, nicety William O. Douglas interpreted the Ninth Amendment to mean that any corrects not explicitly granted to the government were retained by the people previously it had been taken to mean that those rights were retained by the st ates. At the time of this case, this meant that all previously banned contraceptives between couples were now legal. Weddington and Coffee could argue that this right to privacy, as Douglas defined, should also be applied to abortion.The first reply from Assistant D. A. John Tolle, defending D. A. Wade, claimed on the nose what they had expected Jane Roe had no standing since the law only affected women who performed abortions. An anonymous affidavit from McCorvey submitted to a three-judge panel on May 22, 1970, stated that she wanted to terminate her pregnancy due to the economic disappointment which pregnancy entailed and because of the social stigma attached to the bearing of illegitimate children. At the hearing, Weddington argued on Roes standing to sue, as well as the constitutionality of the abortion statute (on the grounds of the First, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments). After the acknowledgment argued for the unborn fetus as a child, a life, Weddington brought up the i ssue of the impossibility to define when life begins (which is still one of the main arguments between pro-life and pro-choice advocates). Finally, Tolle argued that right of a child was more important than the womans previously stated right to privacy. However, the three judges found that the Texas abortion laws were unconstitutional by depriving rights dictated by the Ninth Amendment. Since this only declared the law unconstitutional and did not prevent the enforcing of the law, the plaintiffs then appealed to the Supreme Court. In October 1972, the plaintiffs and the defendants make their cases as they had before. Several things played into the Courts following decision the ruling of Eisenstadt v Baird, which made it legal for unmarried persons to use birth control.This solidified Weddingtons argument for the right to privacy in the Ninth Amendment that individuals have the right to be bare(a) from government intervention in matters such as whether or not to have a child. Seco nd, Justice Harry Blackmun, after reviewing the abortion statutes, ruled that they were no longer valid because they were put in dwelling due to the dangers of abortion this was no longer an issue, as abortion was just as safe as childbirth in the present time. Concerning the rights of the unborn as a child, Blackmun found that nowhere in theConstitution or lodge of Rights (specifically, the Fourteenth Amendment) a person includes the unborn. The final ruling the abortion decision must(prenominal) be left to the judgment of the womans doctor in the first trimester. In the second trimester, the state may regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably valid to agnate health. After that, the state can regulate or stop the abortion. Summary Norma McCorvey wanted an abortion, but could not obtain would since it was illegal in her state, Texas.Most states at the time had abortion statutes in place proscribing abortion. She, under the alias Jane Roe, and the two attorney s representing her, Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee, filed a suit against the county of Dallas on the grounds that the abortion laws violated a womans right to choose under the right to privacy, interpreted in the Ninth Amendment in the previous case Connecticut v Griswold. The district court ruled in favor of Roe, basing judgment upon the Ninth Amendment.This ruling did not prevent the enforcement of the abortion laws rather, it merely stated that they were unconstitutional. McCorvey and her attorneys, now not only representing Jane Roe as a person, but as all women, appealed directly to the Supreme Court. On the opposing side, there was the accompaniment that the state believed they had the responsibility to protect the life of the unborn child. The argument against that was this when does life really start? It could be said that life doesnt begin until after the child is born not when it is still a fetus.This really sparked this debate that still goes on today. Justice Harry Blackmun found that, after reviewing the Constitution and Bill of Rights, the Founding Fathers never explicitly put the unborn with the persons protected under our nations documents. However, he said that this was not absolute. He said that, though he agreed that the Ninth Amendment encompassed a womans right to choose whether or not to terminate her pregnancy, the right to choose was also not absolute.So, they came to a compromise during the first trimester of a pregnancy, abortion was legal, but at the judgment of the womans doctor (which has changed since then). During the second trimester, the state could regulate abortions in a way that is adjoind to maternal health. During the 3rd trimester, the state could proscribe abortions. The general rule was that if the fetus is able to live outside the womb (with contrived aid), which was typically at about 28 weeks, then the woman no longer has a right to an abortion. This entire case and the decisions that were made is a landmark i n our history.It has sparked much debate and divided many people into pro-life and pro-choice groups. Doe v Bolton A companion case to Roe v Wade, Doe v Bolton was an abortion case that happened in atomic number 31 around the same time (decision on the same day) that its Texas counterpart did. Much like other states with abortion laws, tabun only allowed abortion if the pregnancy was a danger to the womans life by judgment of a licence physician, the fetus was in danger of being born with a serious defect, or if the abortion was a crossroad of rape ( 26-1202(a)).The woman wanting an abortion also had to qualify for the following conditions, defined under 26-1202(b) of Georgia Criminal Code the abortion is to be performed in a hospital certain by the conjugation Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, the procedure be approved by the hospital staff abortion perpetration, and the execute physicians judgment be confirmed by independent examinations of the patient by two other licensed physicians. Sandra Cano, a mother of three, did not meet any of these conditions. Under the pseudonym Mary Doe, she and her attorney, Margie Pitts Hames, sued Arthur K.Bolton, the Attorney customary for Georgia. Their claim was that the abortion statute of Georgia was unconstitutional. Like Roe, the three-judge panel of the district court found that Doe did, in fact, have standing in this issue. They ruled that the first three conditions ( 26-1202(a)) listed above were unconstitutional, but they upheld the medical approval and residency requirements. In extension, like Roe v Wade, they merely provided that the section of the law was unconstitutional they did not give any injunction against enforcing the law.This is called declaratory relief. The plaintiffs then appealed directly to the Supreme Court, like Roe and her attorneys. The arguments and counter-arguments were all the same as in Roe v Wade. The Court found that the three conditions in section 26-1202(b) were unc onstitutional. They found that the JCAH accreditation requirement did not pertain to the womans right, and did not reasonably relate to the abortion statute. The two conditions requiring the abortion to be approved by a committee and by two other physicians were found to not serve the womans health in any way.The committee condition violated the womans right to receive medical care from her physician, and the two-doctor condition violated the physicians right to practice. These conditions were struck down. Justice Blackmun, mentioned in the previous case, said that Roe v Wade and Doe v Bolton must be read together. The former allowed the states to proscribe abortion in the third trimester. However, Doe v Bolton added that the abortion could still be allowed if it was a matter of the womans health, in the opinion of the womans doctor.This is essentially a loophole around the viability requirement of the ruling of Roe v Wade. Doe v Bolton and Roe v Wade together struck down state abo rtion laws and struck up heated debates. These were the first real challenges regarding abortion in the United States. Both declared abortion a constitutional right. Summary Sandra Cano (Mary Doe) and attorney Margie Pitts Hames sued the state of Georgia for its unconstitutional abortion statute. The district court found they had standing, but like Roe v Wade, they gave them only declaratory, not injunctive, relief.The plaintiffs appealed to the Supreme Court for broader relief. Georgias Criminal Code, section 26-1202(b), stated that in addition to the requirements to receive an abortion that a woman must be in danger from the pregnancy, the child must be in danger of severe defect from birth, or the pregnancy being a result of rape, any woman wanting an abortion had to receive one in a hospital accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, she had to receive permission of two physicians other than her own, and the decision must also be approved by a hospital com mittee.The Court struck all of these requirements as unconstitutional. Additionally, the Court ruled that a woman may obtain an abortion after viability (as defined in Roe v Wade) if it was necessary to preserve her health. Along with its companion case, Roe v Wade, the decision was made on January 22, 1973, that abortion was a constitutional right.

My Sociology Paper Essay

utmost hurrying automobile chases argon one of the most high schoollighted broadcasts in television today. Using aerial shots to order viewers a better preview of the scene, the media unconstipated interrupts regular programs to bring special reports of these fast-moving headlines. The media launches multiple fleets of helicopters (which important purpose for existence is to sentinel and update traffic conditions in real-time) to follow these motorcar chases until they end both losing the perpetrator or catching them sometimes without casualties, and sometimes with multiple damages added to the casualties of innocent bystanders.Throughout new-fangled history, television entertainment and racing has been closely related spawning many different events to the fore such as F-1 and NASCAR racing. Many would owe their popularity to the adrenalin rush these high-performance vehicles incite in their viewers, and samely, this reason also trickles bulge out to high speed car chase s, which are growing more(prenominal) prominent over the recent years.to a greater extent to this, the growing debate on whether the legal philosophy are to blame for the chases they give to problematic drivers incites more state to add to the fray, as well the intrigue surrounding the matter of why the driver didnt drag over in the first place. This and many other factors have made car chases a media staple fibre something that viewers will look forward to watching (Settgast 2008).With death tolls, injuries and intrigue surrounding these special broadcasts, editorials search criticizing the police for actually giving chase and not letting these vigilantes go on their way. But even bombarded with criticisms, the police dont give up the chase and continue with the search of these reckless drivers (Sowell 2007). at that place are many reasons as to why police officers give chase to reckless drivers.As a matter of fact, courts have continuously investigated on whether the chases are necessary and the use of force by the police to stop them are justified such as the case of Scott v. Harris where a police rammed the car of a 19-year old, rendering him quadriplegic (Settgast 2008). This, and other cases has set the media hogging up more airtime for police chases because of several reasons one of which is because police car chases, by themselves, already have the star factor to deplume viewers.The media exposition of the high speed car chases, from the thrill of the chase to the dramatic (or non-dramatic) ending, have always had viewers finding themselves hooked on the top once it turns on. The interpretative feigning is one of the models that explain viewer behavior on media. As Giddens describes, the model views that the audience has a powerful roleThe interpretative model views audience response as mold the media though its engagement or rejection of its output (2000).This means that the media is actually beholden to their viewers if only because of the contender they have with other television media companies, and their desire to increase their rating. With more viewers attuned to them, the higher their ratings would become, therefore they would attract more sponsors and more sources of income. In this regard, the medias duty is to please their viewers also because it is a necessary for them in order to survive.Because of the wide acceptance by the familiar of high speed car chases as a from of entertainment, the media has jumped at the chance to improve their ratings by showing these through special live reports. sensation of the most famous and iconic showcase of this is the car chase involving O. J. Simpson in 1994 where For two hours, 95 zillion Americans ignored the sixth game of the professional basketball finals in the East and the sunset in the air jacket to stare at the tube as a white Ford Bronco drove calmly along one strand and then another of L.A. s web of freeways (Reuven 1994).With this kind of attention the media gets from the public and the medias response to getting more of this on television, it is evident that audiences now have the freedom to watch what they want (Chinni 2005) . We see that the publics attention to high speed car chases actually seems like a glorification of the crime, especially as they are portrayed in movies and are used to be redeeming factors no matter how disastrous a movie turns out to be (Dean 1993).Another berth to the story is that high speed car chases sometimes involve violence and some people desire there would be some work on if only for reasons of entertainment. Some even consider high speed car chases, themselves to be violence on its own as it capitalizes on aggressive behavior. There are multiple evidences that point to the fact that violence is a form of entertainment is multiple and that the media jump on the chance to be in the action increase their ratings. However, media influence on people is a while of the deal and cannot be ignored.E xposure to almost anything the media imparts creates a permissive atmosphere for aggressive behavior which translates to action over time. Whether the cause are little or the effects are large (in the midst of the current debate of the extent of media influence over its viewers), the bottom line is with the medias emphasis on aggressive behavior (such as high speed car chases) it is important to note that there is a high likelihood of people imitating the high speed car chases themselves due to drug or alcoholic influences (Felson 1996).In this case, not only do the people dictate what the media will showcase and highlight in their programs, provided the media also influences how people perceive the world and influence their choices and preferences of shows and broadcasts. Also of considerable notice is the fact that people, stark of the factors that control their inhibitions, are supersensitized to be the perpetuators of high speed car chases themselves as can be read from the study.Such factors that contribute to the removal of inhibitions include the influences of drugs, alcohol, and others. As such, the likelihood that people would be experiencing and severe out for themselves the thrill of high speed car chases is high.We see that these two factors together (public influence on media and media influence on the public), creates a vicious cycle of the continuous glorification of aggressive behavior, such as high speed car chases.This glorification is, first of all, seen in how people are attracted like moths to a flame by the star factor of this broadcast/report. Owing to the high speed car chases unlearned ability to arouse emotions (such experiences can also be found in pro-sporting events such as football and NASCAR racing), people become more and more addicted to watching them, and in the end, spurring the media to feature more whenever these incidences take place.Moreover, high speed chases in Hollywood add to the thrill effect of this dangerous pursuit making them more palatable to their viewers. Secondly, the glorification comes in the form of media sensationalizing these high speed car chases by making it seem more exciting than it actually is like adding the words special and other effects to these reports. Also, the media takes these high speed chases to the editorial newsroom to spur more of the excitement even if it only lasts for a a few(prenominal) days.In essence, the thrill effect of high speed car chases and the sensationalism by the media glorifies this dangerous sport. united with the emotion-evoking nature of high speed car chases, people are becoming more and more susceptible to its influences (Felson 1996) making the vicious cycle of watching, getting involved in, and broadcasting them unending.