Effects of the use of web-based tools in Blended Learning Essay Example for Free

Effects of the use of web- base tools in Blended Learning EssayTechnology has made a deep impact on all aspects of human racys ranging from communication to eruditeness and enhancing single(a) performance. The conventional classroom is slowly being replaced by computer found study and online skill environments that has penetrated remote corners of the globe via the Internet. The use of information and communication technologies in education has transformed traditionalistic methods of decideing and teaching practices.The personalized breeding environment offered by the online medium has great potentials and heapister influence the study process to a considerable extent. Technology has been a great enabler of transforming and re-defining the way a system operates and the across-the-board variety of applications that it can support. Many web based learning environments use innovative technologies that have variationized the learning process over the preceding(a) few years. Distance learning through the use of collaborative tools and technologies available has made significant breakthroughs in the field of learning.In the past few decades a number of tools and technologies have emerged that has enabled the users to adopt distance learning courses and training departments argon using it to provide cost impressive means of implementing learning and development programs for their employees circularise across the globe. The online learning environment is supported by various types of tools that provide high level of interactivity and collaborative features change participants to exchange messages, files, videos and unveilings.This kind of technology is increasingly being used in a wide range of applications ranging from facilitating electronic talk overion between students to modify distance learning programs through web conferencing. The revolution in communication and information technology has had a profound effect on the teaching and learni ng process. The change is visible in developing learning communities online. Most of the countries and eventide developing economies are stressing on the use of computers as an instructional medium.E learning encompasses a wide variety of tools and technologies that can be used to stimulate the learning process in an individual. With the help of this technology a variety of online learning services are made available ranging from online searches, tutorials, college courses, and original courses to professional training and individual development programs. The E learning model adopts high level of audio and video interaction integrated with graphics and vivification tool to present the learning module in an attractive format.Educational institutions and business organizations are increasingly adopting the e learning model for learning and training purposes. E learning is being increasingly used as a solution for delivering online learning regardless of physical locations or clock time constraints. The whole sphere has become an increasingly connected global community that can share ideas and exchange information through the Internet.More people across the globe are turning towards the latest technology gadgets that have made communication channels smoother and faster. It has proved to be a big resource for individuals who would like to learn a new-sprung(prenominal) skill or train themselves in new fields while pursuing their current employment. Hence, E learning field has provided new and better learning opportunities extending its reach beyond university campus and corporate learning centres. Blended learning an overviewBlended learning has been described as a phrase introduced by the distance learning community in recognizing the value of synchronous learning activities, like face to face interactions with instructors and collaborative work with peers, as complements to activities performed asynchronously by individual learners (Howard et al. , 2006). The blended learning system includes both web based learning and traditional classroom learning environment. The web based learning system provides the students with ego paced learning modules that they can pursue at leisure and convenience depending on their learning capacity.This learning environment also provides E learning tools that enable live discussions and online learning programs. The conventional classroom settings are used to clarify doubts and queries regarding the course content and student progress. An hard-hitting learning environment facilitates interaction between the learners that increases the cathode-ray oscilloscope to exchange ideas and opinions, share experiences and assess their level of understanding on the subject matter.A classroom environment provides this kind of face to face interaction enabling the students sharing the same learning goals to coordinate with each other, communicate their ideas and information. Jonassen (1988) has stated in his work s that the effectiveness of any learning environment is based on the types and levels of cognitive and metacognitive activity engendered in the learners. It is widely accepted that learning is enhanced in instructional settings where students are engaged in processing personally germane(predicate) content and are reflective during the learning process.Learners that participate in active learning activities find learning a more pleasurable and increasingly effective than engaging in monotonous lecture sessions. Online learning provides the learners with the scope to explore the topics and study related theories that increase their level of understanding. The key ingredient to a boffo computer based learning application is its ability to interact with the student and direct the flow of learning in accordance with the student capability. The visibility and presentation of information through attention grabbing graphics and multimedia system tool chafe this a more effective learning platform.Once the attention of the student is on the learning tool the application needs to stimulate the learners curiosity that in turn leads to search for answers and in-depth study of the learning module. The most effective teaching method involves a high level of interaction between the teacher and the student. A dedicated teacher is one who understands the students learning capacity and his shortcomings and guides him through with effective feedback. A two-way communication between the teacher and the student is very effective in the learning process.Computer based learning applications are continually striving to achieve the human to human interactivity level and have been quite successful in this venture with the aid of multimedia based technologies. Blended learning combines the positive aspects of both conventional classroom learning and online learning to provide an enriching learning experience to the students. Web-based tools There are wide varieties of computer-mediat ed communications technologies that enable manage and support E learning. These tools have facilitated extensive collaboration and communication protocols providing an enriched learning environment.Some of these tools are email, chat, video conferencing, web conferencing, newsgroup, blogs, forums, realistic classrooms, and message boards. Synchronous and Asynchronous tools E learning is commonly referred to the international use of networked information and communications technology in teaching and learning. It refers to educational processes that engage information and communications technology to mediate asynchronous as well as synchronous learning and teaching activities (Naidu, 2006). Both synchronous and asynchronous tools can be used effectively to communicate, exchange and form ideas and information on a specific subject matter.Synchronous E learning is live, real time facilitated instruction, and learning oriented interaction that enables learners to use electronic means t o collaborate and participate in live forums. The root of synchronous E learning has been derived from iii main influences the classroom, the media, and the conference. The virtual classroom uses highly interactive forms of synchronous E learning tools to simulate a conventional classroom environment. White-board, discussion rooms, and break pop areas are some of the concepts used to enhance interactivity between learners in a virtual classroom.Naidu (2006) also observes that most of the applications are built around the synchronous learning model that makes use of tools like virtual learning environment, rapid E learning, web casting, web conferencing, video conferencing, webinars, live E learning, and e conferencing. These synchronous E learning tools help in connecting dispersed learners, facilitating real time interaction and collaboration, fostering a sense of immediacy and co-presence, developing a learning community, and enabling access to subject matter expert resources.Th is kind of learning environment rules out gender and personality dominance that tends to overpower in a traditional classroom setting. It encourages learners towards better teamwork, collaboration skills, strong motivation and extended peer support (Naidu, 2006). Asynchronous tools like emails, electronic forums, online discussions, blogs, provide a platform for students and teachers to discuss ideas and opinions on a specific topic.This form of E learning is commonly facilitated by media such as email and discussion boards, supports work relations among learners with teachers, even when participants cannot be online at the same time (Hrastinski, 2008). This provides a form of flexibility to the learners since they can access learning materials and information any time according to their convenience. The learners can log on to an E learning environment and access training materials, receive and send messages to peers and tutors. In higher education, learners can pursue online course s while pickings care of other commitments.Asynchronous E learning tools have the advantage of enabling users to access information and pursue their subject matter with greater form of concentration allowing the mind to process the information at leisure. However, it also has some significant drawbacks that include greater learner discipline since the learner has to take initiatives to login and make use of the information and tasks involved in learning process. This kind of learning process is more impersonal and isolated as compared to synchronous learning tools that enable live interaction (Ashley, 2003).

The development of Beatrice and Benedicks relationship Essay Example for Free

The development of Beatrice and benedicts relationship EssayBenedick and Beatrices relationship is very lively throughout the mutation. At the beginning of the play they mock all(prenominal) other constantly in a jokey banterous fashion. Both of them are very independent and dont believe in love. Their friends trick them into falling in love with each other and succeed, so that by the end of the play Beatrice and Benedick have a strong relationship and marry. At the beginning of the play (1, 1) Beatrice and Benedick constantly mock each other trying to outwit each other with quite sharp comments. For example Benedick says well, you are a rare parrot teacher to annoy Beatrice he says this in a jibing way to provoke her saying that she is withal chatty and talks too a lot. Beatrice responds by saying a bird of my tongue is better than a beast of yours. By this she means shed rather be a parrot that speaks too much than a beast that cant speak well. She says this as a comeback. Beatrice insults Benedick by saying hes untrue to his friends and a backstabber. Who is his companion now he hath every month a new sworn brother when Beatrice uses the words a new sworn brother shes saying that he swears his trust to a new man every month. The use of the word brother implies that they become really close before he turns on them. Beatrice says to Benedicks face that he is sluggish fool and pretends that she doesnt know that he is behind the mask at the masked ball. why he is the princes jester, a very dull fool. When Beatrice is speaking to Benedick behind the mask, she carries on mocking him, the use of the word dull shows that she thinks of him as boring, dull and not funny. (2, 1) When Benedick is tricked into loving Beatrice, he declares his love for her. He says I will be awful in love with her.The use of the word horribly suggests that he is going to be madly in love with her. The audience can feel his strong emotions with the use of these words. (2,3) In th e middle if the play, When Beatrice is tricked into loving Benedick she immediately declares her love back to him. taming my wild heart to thy loving hand. When Beatrice says this she is devoting her love to Benedick even though this was all just a full-grown deception to demand them to love each other. The use of the phrase taming my wild heart suggests that she has finally found love and has been tamed like an animal. The audience get the feeling that both Beatrice and Benedick are quite desperate for love, even though they dont show it, because as soon as the probability for love comes in they both take the chance despite the fact that they used tomock each other and things Benedick said that implies that he has no intent of marriage Shall I never see a bachelor of three again (3,1) Benedick says that although he cannot rhyme and write poems he is an awed lover better than everyone in the world.Although Leander and Troilus have a reputation of being amazing lovers they are no t as in love as I am Benedick is saying that the best lovers Leander and Troilus is not as good as loving as him because the best thing hes got is how much he loves Beatrice.

Romeo And Juliet | Analysis

Romeo And Juliet AnalysisRomeo and Juliet will always remain a classic example of a tale of pure fuck that was disallow. On the similar lines are Isabel Allendes The House of the Spirits and Laura Esquivels Like Water for burnt umber wherein Blanca and Pedro, Ferula and Clara in the former and Tita and Pedro Muzquiz in the latter are restrained for around reason or the other to experience the culmination of their eternal discern. Besides the characters the passionate culture of the Latin- America as the setting of both the texts too contrisolelyes a lot in making both these stories the tales of love which was not successful.Eateban Treubas and Claras daughter Blanca is born and brought up in a rich family. The Hacienda of which Esteban Trueba is the owner has Pedro, Blancas love operative on it. The society was divided on the basis of class and that is what acted as a major obstacle in Blancas and Pedros relation, making their love a interdict one.Esteban Treuba was known for his dictatorship amongst the peasants who worked on Tres Marias. Many disapproved and disliked his ways of working. Pedro too was one of them who used every opportunity that he got to oppose his rules. Esteban Treuba was well awake of this and it further make the situation worse for Pedro and Blanca. Esteban was not aware of this secret affair that his daughter had nurtured for so many years. it is by Jean de Satingy that he is sensible of the fact that such a relation existed. Esteban whipped and lashed his daughter for this so much so he forcibly got her married to Jean and deported them to some desert. Estebans treatment did ill-treat his relation with his daughter but the physical separation between Pedro and Blanca could in no way put off the passion that each other had deep down their hearts.Thus no force on earth could prevent them from coming to love each other with the ecstatic passion. However the love experienced by the two was unusual. Since they had grown up togeth er experiencing this secret love for each other that it had become a way of life for them . No one made any efforts of making it a success because they were afraid of the fact that in normal circumstances they may not experience the same passion that they did in interdict circumstances. Blanca fed their love with fantasies, idealized it, savagely defended it, stripped it of prosaic truth, and turned it into the kind of love found in novels.The love experienced by both was thus forbidden even though the passion never faded.Another character who experiences forbidden love is Esteban Trueba, who wished all his life that Clara submit to him. He wanted to possess her both feelingally and physically. Allende projects the immense power of love which may be forbidden but certainly gives meanings to the lives of the characters.Laura Esquivel brings out the theme of forbidden love through many characters. it is a story set in Mexico , of a family that lives on a ranch and in times when trad ition heavily bound them from doing what they wished to.Tita de La Garza, like any teenage girl found the love of her life in Pedro Muzquiz. She began to weave her dreams thinking of marrying her love one day, but the dreams shattered when Mama Elena announced that instead of her it is Rosaura who would get married to Pedro. The reason given for this was that the youngest daughter of the family had to spend her entire life serving her mother. So at the very outset the theme of forbidden love is introduced in the novel. The passionate love had to face many a storm many relations sustain to lose meaning. First is that of Tita and Mama Elena. It is Mama Elena who is responsible for ruining it all. She troubles her daughter to such an extent that it becomes suffocating for her .she is even forbidden to express her sorrow everywhere the fact that she cannot spend her life with Pedro and she is given charge of the wedding. She begins to hate Rosaura for following Mama Elenas orders and all such emotions are given the shape of the wedding measure which has the similar emotion overtaking the guests who eat it. Isabel Allende uses the theme of forbidden love to make her story progress .On the other hand Laura Esquivels Like Water for Chocolate revolves around this theme bringing out the attitudes, behaviours , emotions feelings of various characters who are affected by it in some way or the other. For instance the love that Rosaura feels for Pedro is forbidden because even though Pedro got married to her, it was done on a purpose. He could never kill his feelings for Tita, nor could Mama Elena force him to do that.Mama Elena herself experiences forbidden love where the norms of the society restrain her to settle with the man she loved. All this is known through Tita who ventures into her mothers box after death. two the authors highlight the fact that Esteban Trueba and Mama Elena responsible for minatory characters to love each other could surely exercise their po wer in succeeding in the venture but they could not completely destroy the emotion within the hearts of Pedro and Blanca and Pedro and Tita. The love continues to rule and eventually does succeed in the case of Pedro and Tita. However as far as redeeming for the sin committed it is only Esteban Trueba who undergoes transformation towards the end of the novel. The irony is that the man he hated the most, is the one who helps him out in the times when he had no hope left, where as in case of Mama Elena she continues to remain cruel throughout, infact climbs the ladder from being bad to worse. She carries it with her to her grave and continues to trouble Tita appearing to her every now and then as a ghost.Forbidden love as a theme is extremely significant tool of narrating a story. It has both the power to add depth to the bandage which is the case of the house of the spirits and the ability to hold the text on its foundation as evident in case of Like Water for Chocolate.Both Laura Esquivel and Isable Allende have beautifully dealt with the powerful emotion of love ,binding it with the thrilling forbidden urge and as a result both the texts keep the readers engaged properly uptill the end.

Scientific Management Approach by Frederick W. Taylor

Scientific Management Approach by Frederick W. TaylorScientific instruction approach was developed by Frederick W. Taylor in the late 19th century. This management approach rat be defined as a scientific deliberate d unitary on the work methods aimed at improving the efficiency of the workers in order to achieve simplification, specialization, standardization and the overall efficiency in the organization. The approach encourage aimed at change magnitude productivity through mutual trust between the workers and the management. Through this, Taylor aimed at improving the level of trust with level of productivity amelioration going to the workers. He also aimed at eliminating at eliminating anxiety and physical stress through training the workers and getting rid of the traditional boss theory (Anderson, 1988). In report, conventions of scientific management approach are discussed. The relevance of the approach in the modern business world is highlighted with specific examples o f its appropriateness and influence inclinedTo achieve this, Taylor developed four principles of scientific management approach that uniquely identifies it. The first principle is that uses experience and not the rule of the thumb old rules. The principle elevate contends that the old rules of the thumb be further supported by scientific approaches to ones work. Scientific selection of workers is the second principle. The principle states that members to the organization should be selected concord to some analysis. The y should then be taught, trained and developed (Anderson, 1988).The third principle is the management and labor corporation. Rather than managing conflicts, the management should collaborate with the members of the organization. This corporation makes it accomplishable for the work to be done in such a in accordance to the set scientific principles. Scientific training of workers is the fourth principle. The principle points give away that worker should be trai ned by experts based on scientific methods.Relating this to the modern business world, it is evident how Taylors ideas pee influenced and still shape the business environment. On the first principle, the laws and scientific principles have replaced the traditional methods that are old fashioned. This is seen in manufactory automation where tasks performed by workers are optimized using scientific methods and approaches with the aim of increasing productivity and being able to get optimal precedes. The most production lines are largely determined by the mechanical approaches chosen but have always been improved using emerging scientific methods (Albrecht, 1983).The quality of the product has been improved by uses of scientific methods like ISO quality standards. In mod Zealand for deterrent example the use of ISO 9001 is a germane(predicate) example of a situation where the quality of the product is assured by the set work tasks. This management tool has been utilise widely to improve the quality of the products by most organizations in New Zealand. The tool proves to trim down waste, customer returns and rework. In the long run the end result is that efficiency is achieved.The second principle of scientific selection of workers has widely been used in the modern business environment. The principle is deemed as the most pertinent one forthwith as most organizations endeavor to hire the right person for to various positions. One common example where this scientific principle is the use of psychologists to deliver interviews in order to determine the use the suitability of an appli puket to take up certain position. Use of business training programme and training kink up in New Zealand is an example of how science has been used to perform in selecting the right persons to undertake various tasks.Bringing together the trained worker and the science in order to offer opportunities for expression of employees indispensability and better treatment is illu strated by the third principle in scientific management. The concept is evident today in the form of human relations. Problems related to human relations have however not been seen as been advocated by scientific management but consort to (Gilbreth, 1914) scientific management has been beneficial to productivity. Most managers try to maintain safe and healthy workforce in order to improve their productivity. This has lead to the coming up of legislations such as the safe and Healthy in Employment Act of 1992 in New Zealand. The legislation is aimed at ensuring employees are happy and work in safe environment.The last principle emphasizes the need for distinguishing the roles played by each group in an organization. This is done by dividing the work in the organization into twain large components. These are the one for the management and workers. This division gives the management higher responsibility than the workers as the functions of the management is further by fostering the importance and need for the management to exercise the for management functions effectively. These functions include but not limited to planning, organizing, controlling and leading. This are the major functions of management that do are fundamental with off which the textbooks on management would not exist.(Boone, Bowden, 1987) argues that, going beyond the four principles of scientific management, the approach has proven to be vital in the development of contemporary business. It also remained relevant. Businesses in the technology industry have had their quality and efficiency improves like in the case Group technologies in Australia where the quality of their products have been improved with the use of judicial admission and standardization process as well as the using production control. This concept of group technologies was introduced by Taylor in 1919 and is used even in todays factory automation. The concept has worked well especially in situations where thousands of part s are designed and classified.Most manufacturing whole kit and boodles today use group technology which it small and more conciliative plants. An example of such plants is the Vertex pacific. This a plastic manufacturing company in New Zealand that has factories all over the country. The machine forming the plastic in each plant is flexible hence able to change the product its manufacturing within a very short time. This has enabled the efficiencies of group technology to be realized as they reduce the number of tools required. The process is however standardized by having the machines together in close proximity and production control (Hough White, 2001).The scientific management is old relevant in the modern business has it has shaped the practices in the modern accounting. The management method is exceptionally derived from the classical management that was practiced in the earlier days. This is where however the derivations were reported to the management. This is a common p henomenon in the modern accounting system where if budgets are overrun the accountants can notice and be able to inform their relevant higher management. Continuous improvement in the performance of the workers and improved efficiency is always attributed to improved quality management. All this are valued as the goals of the scientific management. However it is argued that securing harder works by the workers is necessary.According to (Hough White, 2001), though history has always considered scientific management as being narrow minded, it has always failed to point out the human elements in an organization that have more often been the cause of the problem. Human element has been an important part of the scientific management. This is the work length. Taylor has always advocated shorten of the on the job(p) hour in order improve efficiency and productivity. This is evident in the recent years where organizations are shifting away from the traditional working eight hours in the o ffice to working from home, selection of working hour and the increasing the availability of communication systems hence changing the contemporary business environment.To further the idea of scientific management being relevant in the modern world of business, Parker Lewis (1995) state that business environment in the modern day is uniform to the early days scientific management. Service and product diversification, corporate mergers, intense competition, technological changes, pre-occupation and national economic recessions are examples of how the system has remained the same. This reason as to wherefore scientific management approach can still be used today. Streamlining of business systems existing in two or more merged companies can be done by use of scientific analysis. Increasing the productivity of an organization in times of recessions and compete well in a agonistic business environment are some of the valuable thing that can only be achieved with use of the scientific management.An example of this is the application of management theories and practices in a global setting based on the scientific management in the rebuilding of many businesses after the destruction of the Twin Towers in New York which caused a major negative impact on the tourism sector in most parts of the world. Its world noting that this Taylors work has faced some criticism. Perroni Wrege (2001) argue that Taylor was inconsistent in his pig-iron handling experiments as has data was consistent .They therefore concluded that his pig-tale used to illustrate the scientific management approach was morally unacceptable. They suggested the center was more important than the accuracy that Taylor shown in has research.It would unjust however for managers to discredit scientific management approach on this basis ignoring the possibilities that scientific management can offer increased productivity and efficiency. Hough White (2001) showed how the current disciplines like operations m anagement, systems reengineering and work designs use many aspects in Taylors work.In conclusion it is imperative to register that scientific management has contributed immensely to the successful management in the current business world worldwide. The ideas propagated by Frederick Taylor in the late 19th century and early 20th century still have a place in the modern day management thinking. Its therefore advisable every manager heedless of the position one hold to embrace scientific management and use it carefully bearing in mind it is limited to the mechanistic organization. It is also manageable to make improvements by carefully learning the work processes, designing and implementing relevant changes. This is however possible when considered in a holistic of the organization (Albrecht, 1983).

Visual cryptography

optical cryptographyIntroductionOne of the popular solutions for design encryption is visual cryptography. Secret sharing concepts atomic number 18 used to encrypt a abstruse image into the dispenses (customized versions of the original image) which passel be transmitted over an undeveloped communication channel and by imbrication sh bes, the dark message is obtained Visual cryptographic solutions are based on binary or binaries inputs. Due to this, natural images must be first transform into halft hotshot (this is a technique which uses different density of dots to debunk the image) images to simulate the original gray or colour levels in the target binary image To create the shares, the halftone version of the input image is used instead of the original image. The decrypted image is made by stacking the shares together. Because binary data pile be displayed in an apparent form when printed on transparencies or viewed on the screen and overlapping shares that contain appa rently random information can expose the secret image. However, the decrypted image is darker, contains a number of visual damages due to the algorithm that is used for the butt against and the resolution of secret image is increased by just about of visual cryptography solutions (Lukac at el,2005) and(Lukac 2006).1.1 ObjectivesThe base of protected communication among users using insecure channel is known as cryptography. In order for cryptographic certification to take place, an algorithm is involved for the practice of encrypting and decrypting messages In its basic form, one image is split into two separate images called shares. When the shares are stacked on make pass of each other, the unique image is retrieved A general n out of n visual cryptography scheme involves n participants in which a secret image is split into n random looking shares and all n shares are required to recover the original image.1.2 Aims The important idea behind Visual cryptanalytics is to encrypt information in the form of images in a secure and flawless way The information must be encrypted before it is move, so that it cannot be illegally hire or modified in the middle of transmission. Suppose 4 persons declare deposited their money in a bank account. These persons evidently do not trust each other. In particular, they do not want a single member of themselves to withdraw the money. However, they shine that withdrawing money by two members of the group is not considered a conspiracy rather it is considered to have received authorizations Therefore, they decided to set the bank code (with a trusted computer) into 4 partitions so that any two or more partitions can be used to reconstruct the code. Since the persons representatives will not have a computer with them to decipher the bank code when they come to withdraw the money, they want to be able to decode visually each thief gets a transparency The transparency should show no information about the bank code (even im plicitly). However, by taking any two transparencies, stacking them together and aligning them, the secret number should pop out. How can this be done? (Naor and Shamir, 1994) proposed a solution and introduced a simple but perfectly secure way that allows secret sharing without any cryptographic computation, which they termed as Visual Cryptography Scheme. The simplest Visual Cryptography Scheme is given by the following setup. A secret image consists of a collection of black and fresh pels where each picture element is treated independently To encode the secret, the original image is split into n customized versions (referred as shares). To decode the image, a hitmanset S of those n shares is picked and display each of them onto a transparency In this project, a new visual cryptography scheme is intended for shadow images. The proposed scheme will be flexible, tardily implemented, and more secure for shadow images. Moreover, shadow image structure is augmented to reduce the c hances for an attacker to guess the secret. Literature Survey2.1 introductionVisual Cryptography was introduced by (Naor and Shamir, 1994) at Eurocrypt, an annual conference sponsored by the International Association for Cryptographical Research (IACA) to encourage discussions and seminars among cryptologists all over the world In that, the explanation is about a new cryptographic scheme that encodes a black and white image into n shares. Decoding is done with the human visual arranging when the n shares are placed on transparencies and stacked on top of each other. They included several schemes to implement a visual cryptography ashes in their presentation Since that time, the paradigm of visual cryptography has attracted wide attention all over the world. Several papers and projects have been presented to extend visual cryptography. Schemes have been invented for a general k out of n sharing scheme and to cover gray scale and colour images as well(Jim Cai and Zhou,2000) Even to day, research continues in the field of visual cryptography and papers regarding contrast, extended schemes are being published regularly This research addresses the few questions concerning visual cryptography, and will attempt to make out these questions in the context of the research by using experimental approach into the problem of visual cryptography, these questions are what is cryptography? What set of features should be used in visual cryptography? How to reduce chances for attackers to get the secret of shadow images? 2.2 TheoryThis section will attempt to explain the basic theory behind visual cryptography. Consider a black and white image (not gray scale). It is made up of black pels and white pixels grouped such that when viewed with the human eye, the picture (or word, sign etc.) can be seen. To encrypt this image, each pixel from the original image is taken and converted into sub pixels. For sake of this discussion and for simplicity, let us assume that each pixel will be converted into two sub pixels and there will be two shares If a pixel is white, then one of two combinations of sub pixels will be randomly chosen to represent the pixel on each of the shares. When the shares are stacked and properly lined up, the sub pixels for the white pixel produce the result In both sets of sub pixels for the white pixel, it can be seen the result is one black sub pixel and one white sub pixel neighboring to each other. When viewed with the human visual system, the result appears to be gray (combined effect of white and black next to each other) On the other hand, if a pixel is black, then one of the two combinations of sub pixels will be randomly chosen to represent the pixel in each of the shares (same idea as the white pixel). However with black pixels gives two sub pixels next to each other. To the human eye, this appears as a share by itself gives no visible information from the original image because the sub pixels are evenly distributed on each share (one black sub pixel and one white sub pixel for each pixel in the original image). These combinations (black/white and white/black) occur with probability 1/ 2 providing a share with randomized pixels and thus not revealing any hint of the original image. When the shares are stacked, the white pixels are seen as gray, while the black areas prevail black (Naor at el, 1994 ,Lee at el,2003 and Voyatzis,1996) (Naor and Shamir, 1995) thought about the problem of encrypting material such as printed text, hand create verbally notes, pictures, etc in an absolutely secure way which can be interpreted directly by the human visual system Furthermore, they have explained that the basic model includes a printed page of cipertext (which can be sent by mail of faxed) and a printed transparency. The system they developed can be used by anyone who lacks knowledge of cryptography and without performing any cryptographic commutations. Moreover, they illustrious that the best way to visualize the visual cryptographic scheme is to consider a concrete example In cryptography, the process of transforming data (referred to as plaintext) where the process uses an algorithm (called cipher) is called encryption. The encrypting process make the information unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a key. The encrypting process results encrypted data (in cryptography, referred to as cipher text). To read encrypted data, the encrypted data should be made readable. So the reverse process is called decryption. In real world, the software package for encryption can typically also perform decryption to make the encrypted information readable again (ElGamal,1985 and Rivest,1978) Encryption has long been used by militaries and governments to facilitate secret communication. Encryption is now used in protect information within many kinds of civilian systems, such as computers, storage devices (e.g. USB flash drives), networks (e.g. the Inter net, e-commerce), mobile telephones, wireless microphones, wireless intercom systems, Bluetooth devices and bank automatic vote counter machines. Encryption is also used in digital rights management to prevent unauthorized use or reproduction of copyrighted material and in software also to protect against reverse engineering (Encryption) Encryption, by itself, can protect the confidentiality of messages, but other techniques are still needed to protect the integrity and authenticity of a message for example, verification of a message authentication codes (MAC) or a digital signature. Standards and cryptographic software and hardware to perform encryption are widely available, but successfully using encryption to reassure security may be a challenging problem. A single slip-up in system design or execution can allow successful attacks. Sometimes an adversary can obtain unencrypted information without directly undoing the encryption. (Maurer,1994 and Diffie,1976) Moreover, The optim ality of VC is mulish mostly by its pixel expansion and the relative contrast and, the relative contrast needs to be as large as possible to ensure visibility (Alvarez at el,2005). In the scope of this research, the works related to contrast optimization will be explored. Works related to deriving lower spring of pixel expansion m can be found in (Naor and Shamir, 1995), (Rivest at el,1984) etc. The research on contrast optimization was motivated by the problem of extra graying erect introduced to decoded image. This occurs because the decoded image is not an exact reproduction of the original image, but an expansion of the original, with extra black pixels. Research methods-Doing a complete investigation into basic visual cryptography -Careful study of algorithms used in visual cryptography -Checking out a suitable development environment and a suitable frame work that can ease the image processing tasks -investigating shadow image structure for visual cryptographic practices su ch as pixel expansion and the relative contrast -This project emphasizes, intends and evaluates a computer-based system using appropriate processes and tools, as follows Front End Java Back End Microsoft SQL host OS Windows XP and Windows vista IDE net beans 6.7 The net bean IDE is used for following features In this project, net beans Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is used because its tools, debugging and performance monitoring. dismiss bean IDE for developing applications saves the time by managing windows, settings, and data. In addition, an IDE can store repetitive tasks through macros and abbreviations. Drag-and-drop features make creating graphical user interface (GUI) components or accessing databases slow and highlighted code and debugging features alert to errors in the code The application is developed by java because of following features Java is a graphical user interface computer programming language Java supports to platform independent mechanism J ava is a general purpose and object oriented programming language The most strike features of the language are that it is platform neural language Java program is under the control of JVM the JVM can contain the program and prevent it from generating side make outside the system. Thus safety is included in Java language.Java is mainly adopted for two reasons Security Portability These two features are available in java because of the byte code. Byte code is a highly optimized set of instructions to be executed by the Java run time system called JVM. The features of Java which are adopted for the network system explore are Multithreading Socket programming tangle Multithreading Users perceive that their world is full of multiple events all happenings at once and wants their computers to do the same. Unfortunately, writing programs that deal with many things at once can be much more difficult than writing conventional single threaded programs in C or C++. Thread safe in mult ithreading means that a given library functions is implemented concurrent threads of execution spend Swing refers to the new library of GUI controls (buttons, sliders, checkboxes etc). Swing is a rapid GUI development tool that is part of the standard Java development kit. Swing is a set of classes that provides more powerful and flexible components. Swing components are not implemented by platform specific code. Instead they are written in Java and therefore are platform independent (java doc).

Why Evolution is True, by Jerry A. Coyne Essay -- Why Evolution is Tr

Why Evolution is True is a confine by Jerry A. Coyne about how modern man slowly evolved from single cell organisms. This book has changed my solely perspective of evolution. Before I read this book I was a strong believer in creation but while reading this book I realized that there ar to umteen connections between all of earths animals. I am unable see a scenario where we could share so often of our genes with other creatures and still say that we did not evolve from other animals and were proficient created by a god.What is evolution? Evolution in modern terms is more or less easy to understand. Evolution is the conjecture that life on earth began with a single celled organism that lived more that 3.5 billion years ago that slowly evolved into many diverse creatures over time. When you break down this theory into sections you get 6 factors evolution, gradualism, speciation, common ancestry, natural selection and nonselective mechanisms of evolutionary change.The first part of the evolution theory is evolution itself. Evolution itself is the idea that a species undergoes a genetic change over time to evolve into something that is very different. These differences are seen in our DNA and are considered mutations at first but slowly become the norm.The second part of the theory of evolution is gradualism. Gradualism is the idea that it takes many generations to produce a substantial evolutionary change. An example of this change is birds gaining the ability to fly.The third part of the evolution theory is speciation. Speciation means that different groups of creatures that cannot exchange genes with one another cannot interbreed with one another. The quaternate part of the evolution theory is common ancestry. Common ancestry is the... ...ion is very minor.Chapter nine is Evolution Redux. Creationists find evolution very convincing but at the same time they still dont believe it. There is no lack of evidence that points toward evolution bein g the truth. Every day there is hundreds of observations and experiments that point to evolution being true. Every fossil and piece of DNA observed points to evolution being a fact. The evidence point to evolution being true is so overwhelming it is hard to believe people still believe in a creator.Evolution is neither moral nor immoral it is just the truth. Once people understand that we are the only creatures that natural selection has created with a brain complex large enough to understand the laws that govern the universe, which is the awful product of evolution.Works CitedCoyne, Jerry A. Why Evolution Is True. New York Viking, 2009. Print.

Inadequate Support Systems for an African American Adult with Breast Ca

Description of the ProblemA realise system is defined as a network of people who provide an individual with practical or emotional relief (Merriam-Websters, 2014). In the area of healthcare, a lack of adequate support system will negatively impact the health of an individual in multiple areas of care. This can include issues that arise not only from an individual aspect, scarcely also through lack of support on brotherly, emotional, instrumental, as well as informational levels. A lack of tender support system means that star does not have close ties or strong relationships with family members, friends, colleagues, or members of the community. Social and emotional support is an essential part of health care involving all indisposition and illness, but even more so when chronic illness such as cancer is involved. This is evident in numerous studies which have found social and emotional support to be strongly correlated to feelings of positivity, mutuality, and improved mental h ealth outcomes among tolerants with cancer (Wenzel et al., 2012). Additionally, social support provides functional resources that affect a patients outlook on his or her health status. Instrumental support may include items such as the provision of financial assistance, while informational support might be receiving feedback from others to help patients motivate themselves to accomplish their goals (Ashing-Giwa et al., 2012). The term support system affects many aspects of an individuals health care which, when considered all together, escalate to influence the patient most often on social and psychosocial planes of care.ProblemThe focus of this discussion is patient Regina, a 53-year-old African American woman who was diagnosed with bosom cancer in Octobe... ...ificance in the healthcare plane.Wenzel, J., Jones, R. A., Klimmek, R., Krumm, S., Darrell, L. P., Song, D., Stearns, V., & Ford, J. G. (2012). Cancer support and resource needs among African American older adults. Clini cal Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16, 4, 372-7.The purpose of this take was to obtain experiential data on cancer diagnosis and treatment, and gather recommendations from survivors regarding treatment-related needs, strategies, and psychosocial support. Results indicate that the need for cancer-specific education, importance of faith and spirituality, availability of support, and identifying financial needs were the chief(prenominal) issues recognized as important needs for the cancer patient. This article was useful in providing additional strategies and resources to implement in encouraging the formation of strong social support in individuals with cancer.